Source: OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND PEST MANAGEMENT OF WOOD-DESTROYING SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0191241
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
OKL02480
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2007
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2013
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Kard, B.
Recipient Organization
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
STILLWATER,OK 74078
Performing Department
Entomology And Plant Pathology
Non Technical Summary
Subterranean termites cost United States taxpayers upwards of $2-3 billion annually in control and structural damage repair expenditures. Additionally, many millions of dollars are spent by the United States DoD to protect military structures from termites, and in damage repair costs each year (Thorne and Forschler 1998). Inadequate knowledge of termite biology, ecology, foraging, and feeding behavior, both nationally and internationally, complicates effective evaluation of new technology such as baits and baiting strategies, physical barriers, and new, unique mode-of-action materials intended for use in termite control. Knowledge of the geographic range of the primary native and exotic species of destructive wood-destroying termites aids pest management professionals to better manage these damaging insects. Field evaluations of new insecticides, physical barriers, baits, and physical guidelines in soil relative to termite management will aid in termite control. Foraging, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats, as well as large apartment buildings and homes, will also enhance effectiveness of control programs. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Elucidation of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites will provide heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
51206501130100%
Knowledge Area
512 - Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Non-Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
0650 - Wood and wood products;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology;
Goals / Objectives
1. Elucidate taxonomy and biology of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma. 2. Investigate resource allocation and brood placement of subterranean termite colonies relative to variation in food resources. 3. Delineate foraging territories and foraging seasonality of subterranean termites. Develop unique methodologies, techniques, and systems. 4. Evaluate efficacy of existing, improved, new, and emerging termite management technologies.
Project Methods
1. a)Determine species and distribution of subterranean termites in Oklahoma. b)Morphology and chemical taxonomy of indigenous subterranean termites:Mean values will be compared among different species to gain knowledge of termite taxonomic features of Oklahoma termites. Differences between the same species in Oklahoma and widely separated geographic areas in the USA will be evaluated. c)Determine caste ratios and characteristics, colony numbers, and biomass. 2. a)Determine the number of foraging termites allocated to cellulose resources of the same quality and plant species, but varied by 1X, 2X, and 4X volumes. b)Determine caste numbers of termites recovered from each billet. c)Evaluate brood location and care-taking by nursery workers. d) Assess migration of primary reproductives from soil into billets. 3. a) Determine foraging territories using TMRR and unique bait monitoring grids and proprietary systems. b)Design, construct, and utilize unique in-ground, surface, and above-ground foraging and monitoring devices. c)Determine numbers and biomass of foraging termites, influence of new technologies and systems on termite responses, and foraging relationships relative to unique materials, technologies, and monitoring systems. d)Determine foraging patterns of subterranean termites using unique systems, materials, and methodologies. 4. a)Evaluate efficacy of contact toxic, repellent, and non-repellent, delayed-action termiticides applied to soil or structural components. b)Evaluate efficacy of IGRs, borates, and new chemistry as termite baits in above-ground and in-ground applications in laboratory, field plot, and EUP structures. c)Evaluate physical barriers to include plastic vapor barriers, rubberized sealants,and self-adhesive and non-adhesive water sealant membranes as barriers against penetration by termites. d)Investigate existing, improved, emerging, and new termite management products and technologies.

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Oklahoma extension agents, pest management professionals, graduate students, scientific colleagues, home builders, private citizens, state and national government pesticide regulators, pest control industry representatives, and Oklahoma Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Forestry professionals. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Numerous education training programs were conducted to train and certify pesticide applicators in the ‘Household Structural Pests in Oklahoma, with approximately 199 applicators gaining certification in general and structural pest management and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide training conferences and training sessions were conducted for pest management professionals on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Pest management professionals, students, and private citizens seek counsel and receive advice and publications concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, conferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents and pest management professionals. Advising public school administrators and personal on integrated pest control was also done. These interactions totaled ≈8,538 contact hours invested in outreach and training. Eight power-point video training presentations were developed or updated for use during training sessions to certify pesticide applicators and pest control operators in an the areas of general, structural, and urban pest management. These specific presentations are augmented with additional power-point presentations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of termite foraging and feeding behavior, termiticide distribution in building gravel foundation fill, and ability of termites to damage commercial wire insulation was discovered and published or accepted for publication. Two current Ph.D. students and one MS student have learned technical field and laboratory research procedures and skills for conducting termite research in both laboratory and field environments. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Field and laboratory experiments that elucidate taxonomy, biology, distribution and management of native subterranean termites in Oklahoma are being conducted. Training of pest management professionals in the correct identification of potential invasive termite species continued. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, termite density in a colony, caste ratios, termite-resistant building materials, new a termiticide formulations and application techniques, and distribution of termiticides in gravel foundation fill materials are being conducted. Two Ph.D. students and two MS student conducted ongoing graduate research studies on subterranean termite ecology and biology of subterranean termites. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Michael Lenz, Brad Kard, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Kenneth S. Brown, Edward D. Freytag, Yun-Hong Zhong, Chow-Yang Lee, Boon-Hoi Yeoh, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, the late Kunio Tsunoda, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Ted A. Roland, Sr., and Violaine Weibel. 2012. Are results on the termite resistance of plastic materials comparable between countries? - Summary report of a field study with Coptotermes, Mastotermes and Reticulitermes (Isoptera). Proc. 9th Conference of the Pacific Rim Termite Research Group. Hanoi, Vietnam. 6 pp.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kard, Brad, George J. Tompkins, George L. Rotramel, and Leo A. Renello. 2013. Powdered Cellulose Additive Influences Distribution of Liquid Termiticides in ABCGravel Foundation Fill. pp. 78-81. In D. R. Suiter [ed.], Proceedings of the 2012 National Conference on Urban Entomology. Atlanta (Marietta), Georgia. USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Michael Lenz, Brad Kard, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Kenneth S. Brown, Edward D. Freytag, Yun-Hong Zhong, Chow-Yang Lee, Boon-Hoi Yeoh, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, the late Kunio Tsunoda, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Ted A. Roland, Sr., and Violaine Weibel. 2012. Are results on the termite resistance of plastic materials comparable between countries? - Summary report of a field study with Coptotermes, Mastotermes and Reticulitermes (Isoptera). 9th Conference of the Pacific Rim Termite Research Group. Hanoi, Vietnam.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kard, Brad, George J. Tompkins, George L. Rotramel, and Leo A. Renello. 2013. Powdered Cellulose Additive Influences Distribution of Liquid Termiticides in ABC Gravel Foundation Fill. 2012 National Conference on Urban Entomology. Atlanta, Georgia. USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Madden, R. D., C. E. Konemann, B. M. Kard, and J. W. Dillwith. 2012. Modification of Termite Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles Increases Cuticular Permeability and Water Loss. 60th Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Little Rock, AR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kard, Brad. 2013. New Technologies and Termiticides in Termite Management; Distribution of Termiticide in Gravel FillSessions #1 and #2. North Carolina 63rd Annual Pest Control Technicians School.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Konemann, C., and B. Kard. 2013. CO2 Emissions from Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Feeding On Sapwood and Heartwood of Five Native Oklahoma Trees. 61st Annual Meeting of the SW Branch of the ESA meeting. February 25-28, 2013. (Poster).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kard, B. M., K. T. Shelton, and C. C. Luper. 2013. Structural Pest Update and the Conehead Termite Threat. USEPA Region VI Semi-Annual Meeting. Oklahoma City, OK. 21-22 May 2013.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Smith, Matthew P., Anita L. Smith, Brad Kard, Kenneth S. Brown, and Greg H. Broussard. 2012. Subterranean Termites of the Oklahoma Tallgrass Prairie Preserve Cross Timbers. American Midland Naturalist 167: 56-67.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Lenz, Michael, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Brad Kard, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Chow-Yang Lee, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, and Kunio Tsunoda. 2012. Resistance of Polyamide and Polyethylene Cable Sheathings to Termites in Australia, Thailand, USA, Malaysia and Japan: A Comparison of Four Field Assessment Methods. International Biodeterioration & Bio-degradation 66(1): 53-62.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Lenz, Michael, Brad Kard, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Kenneth S. Brown, Edward D. Freytag, Yun-hong Zhong, Chow-Yang Lee, Boon-Hoi Yeoh,Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, the late Kunio Tsunoda, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Ted A. Roland, SR., and Violaine Weibel. 2012. Are Results on the Report of a Field Study with Coptotermes, Mastotermes and Reticulitermes (Isoptera). In T. Yoshimura and C.-Y. Lee [eds.], Pacific-Rim Termite Research Group 2012 (9th) Annual Book-EP117676: 48-54. Feb. 27-28, 2012. Science and Technics Publishing House, Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Bowen, C. J., and B. M. Kard. 2012. Termite Aerial Colony Elimination Using Lufenuron Bait (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 85(4): 273-284. (October 2012 issue). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.273URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.273
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: . Creffield, J. W., M. Lenz, D. K. Scown, T. A. Evans, J.-H. Zhong, B. M. Kard,J. R. B. Hague, K. S. Brown, E. D. Freytag, J. P. Curole, W. R. Smith, and T. F. Shupe. 2013. International Field Trials of Pyrethroid-Treated Wood Exposed to Coptotermes acinaciformis in Australia and C. formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in China and the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(1): 329-337. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12058).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lenz, Michael, Brad Kard, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Kenneth S. Brown, Edward D. Freytag, Jun-Hong Zhong, Chow-Yang Lee, Boon-Hoi Yeoh, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, Kunio Tsunoda, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Ted A. Roland, SR., and Marie Pommier deSanti. 2013. Ability of Field Populations of Coptotermes spp., Reticulitermes flavipes, and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae; Mastotermitidae) to Damage Plastic Cable Sheathings. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(3): 1395-1403. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12514).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kard, B. M., G. J. Tompkins, G. L. Rotramel, and L. A. Renello. 2013. Distribution of Standard and Cellulose-Augmented Termiticides in ABC Gravel Foundation Fill. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. (submitted)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Konemann, C. E., B. M. Kard, and M. E. Payton. 2013. Palatability of Field-Collected Eastern Redcedar, Juniperus virginiana L., Components to Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. (submitted)


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Field and laboratory experiments that elucidate taxonomy, biology, distribution and management of native subterranean termites in Oklahoma are being conducted. Training of pest management professionals in the correct identification of potential invasive termite species continued. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, termite density in a colony, caste ratios, termite-resistant building materials, new a termiticide formulations and application techniques, and distribution of termiticides in gravel foundation fill materials are being conducted. Two Ph.D. students and one MS student conducted ongoing graduate research studies on subterranean termite ecology and biology of subterranean termites and their effect on plant growth, termite effects on soil fertility, and soil characteristics within a native tall grass prairie habitat. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and investigate new techniques, formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier methods for subterranean termite control. Events: Eleven education training programs were conducted to train and certify pesticide applicators in the General Household Pests and Structural Pests in Oklahoma, resulting in approximately 199 applicators gaining certification in general and structural pest management and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide training sessions were conducted for pest management professionals. This resulted in 2,393 pest management professionals receiving information, presentations, and training on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. Services: Pest management professionals, students, and private citizens seek counsel and receive advice and publications concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, conferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents and pest management professionals. Advising public school administrators and personal on integrated pest control was also done. These interactions totaled 8,538 contact hours invested in outreach and training. Products: Eight power-point video training presentations were developed or updated for use during training sessions to certify pesticide applicators and pest control operators in an the areas of general, structural, and urban pest management. These specific presentations are augmented with additional power-point presentations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of termite foraging and feeding behavior, termiticide distribution in building gravel foundation fill, and ability of termites to damage commercial wire insulation was discovered and published or accepted for publication. Two current Ph.D. students and one MS student have learned technical field and laboratory research procedures and skills for conducting termite research in both laboratory and field environments. PARTICIPANTS: Research scientists, university professors, graduate students, and technicians participated in the project. Partner organizations include the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, the Oklahoma Pest Control Association, and manufacturers and marketing personnel of pesticides, baiting systems, and non-chemical physical control product producers. Numerous training schools, conferences, workshops, and continuing education review sessions were provided by or participated in by project personnel. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target Audiences: Pest management professionals to include pesticide manufacturing companies, pest control company owners and administrators, service technicians, certified pesticide applicators, scientists, research technicians, Master Gardeners, and physical plant and school maintenance and pest management personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
New determinations and extension of the geographic range of Oklahoma native wood-destroying subterranean termite species aide pest management professionals to better manage these structure-damaging insects. The range of one destructive species found in extreme southwest Oklahoma has been extended to the northeast Oklahoma tallgrass prairie habitat. Additionally, the continuing pest management professional annual training program keeps Oklahoma PMPs alerted for early discovery of the exotic Formosan termite. Studies of plastic and nylon wire insulation resistance to termites, new termiticide formulations are underway. New treatment techniques and new bait products were placed in tests. These studies will aid in developing termite control programs for homeowners, and also benefit pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging behavior, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats such as prairies and timbered areas is providing information of numbers of foraging termites, thereby allowing determination of the severity of threat to wooden structures in a given habitat. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies in native grasslands will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, water infiltration, and arthropod diversity. Ongoing molecular studies of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites have provided heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites, enhancing management research and strategies. Morphological taxonomic studies also continue to validate termite species identification for comparison with molecular taxonomic techniques. Distribution of termiticides in aggregate building foundation fill is being determined.

Publications

  • Smith, Matthew P., Anita L. Smith, Brad Kard, Kenneth S. Brown, and Greg H. Broussard. 2012. Subterranean Termites of the Oklahoma Tallgrass Prairie Preserve Cross Timbers. American Midland Naturalist 167: 56-67.
  • Lenz, Michael, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Brad Kard, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Chow-Yang Lee, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, and Kunio Tsunoda. 2012. Resistance of Poly-amide and Polyethylene Cable Sheathings to Termites in Australia, Thailand, USA, Malaysia and Japan: A Comparison of Four Field Assessment Methods. International Bio-deterioration & Bio-degradation 66:53-62.
  • Lenz, Michael, Brad Kard, James W. Creffield, Theodore A. Evans, Kenneth S. Brown, Edward D. Freytag, Zhong Yun-hong, Chow-Yang Lee, Boon-hoi Yeoh, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, Kunio Tsunoda, Charunee Vongkaluang, Yupaporn Sornnuwat, Ted A. Roland, Sr., and Violaine Weibel. 2012. Are results on the termite resistance of plastic materials comparable between countries ). In T. Yoshimura and C.-Y. Lee [eds.], Pacific-Rim Termite Research Group 9th Annual Conference Book-EP117676: 48-54. Feb. 27-28, 2012. Science and Technic Publishing House, Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  • Kard, Brad, George J. Tompkins, George L. Rotramel, and Leo A. Renello. 2012. Powdered Cellulose Additive Influences Distribution of Liquid Termiticides in ABC Gravel Foundation Fill. In D. Suiter (ed.), Proc. National Conference on Urban Entomology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 5Pp.
  • Kard, Brad. Household Pests: Insects. 2012. Household Pest Control Suggestions. 2012 OSU Extension Agents Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control: E-832. pp. 403-411. OSU Cooperative Extension Service, DASNR, Oklahoma State University.


Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Field and laboratory experiments that elucidate taxonomy, biology, distribution and management of native subterranean termites in Oklahoma are being conducted. Training of pest management professionals in the correct identification of potential invasive termite species continued. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, termite density in a colony, caste ratios, termite-resistant building materials, new a termiticide formulations and application techniques, and distribution of termiticides in soil are being conducted. Two Ph.D. students are conducting graduate research studies on subterranean termite ecology and biology of subterranean termites and their effect on plant growth, termite physiological by-products, and soil characteristics within a native tall grass prairie habitat. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. Events: Eleven education training programs were conducted to train and certify pesticide applicators in the General Household Pests and Structural Pests in Oklahoma, resulting in approximately 128 applicators gaining certification in general and structural pest management and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide training sessions were conducted for pest management professionals. This resulted in ≈299 pest management professionals receiving information and training on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. Services: Several hundred pest management professionals, students, and private citizens seek counsel and receive advice concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, conferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents and pest management professionals. Advising public school administrators and personal on integrated pest control was also done. Products: Nine power-point video training presentations were developed or updated for use during training sessions to certify pesticide applicators and pest control operators in an the areas of general, structural, and urban pest management. These specific presentations are augmented by approximately eight more power-point presentations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of termite foraging and feeding behavior, soil movement, and colony density was discovered and published or accepted for publication. Two current Ph.D. students have learned technical field and laboratory research procedures and skills for conducting termite research in both laboratory and field environments. PARTICIPANTS: Research scientists, university professors, graduate students, and technicians participated in the project. Partner organizations include the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, the Oklahoma Pest Control Association, and manufacturers and marketing personnel of pesticides, baiting systems, and non-chemical physical control product producers. Numerous training schools, conferences, and workshops were provided by or participated in by project personnel. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pest management professionals to include large pesticide manufacturing companies, pest control company owners and administrators, service technicians, certified pesticide applicators, scientists, research technicians, Master Gardeners, and physical plant and school maintenance personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
New determinations and extension of the geographic range of Oklahoma native wood-destroying subterranean termite species aide pest management professionals to better manage these structure-damaging insects. The range of one destructive species found in extreme southwest Oklahoma has been extended to the northeast Oklahoma tallgrass prairie habitat. Additionally, the continuing pest management professional annual program keeps Oklahoma PMPs alerted for early discovery of the exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas. Studies of new insecticide-treated building components as well as low-toxicity physical barriers and new termiticide formulations are underway. New treatment techniques and new bait products were placed in tests. These studies will aid in developing termite control programs for homeowners, and also benefit pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging behavior, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats is providing information of numbers of foraging termites, thereby allowing determination of the severity of threat to wooden structures in a given habitat. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies in native grasslands will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, water infiltration, and arthropod diversity. Ongoing molecular studies of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites have provided heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites, enhancing management research and strategies. Morphological taxonomic studies also continue to validate termite species identification for comparison with molecular taxonomic techniques. Distribution of termiticides in aggregate building foundation fill is being determined. The termite species map of Oklahoma continues being up-dated.

Publications

  • Kard, Brad, Kevin Shelton, Charles Luper, and Charles Konemann. 2010. Biology of Termites. Proc. City of New Orleans & Greater N. O. Pest Control Association Termite Academy - Nov. 2010 Handbook. Section II. 24 Pp. Kard, Brad, Kevin Shelton, Charles Luper, and Charles Konemann. 2010. WDO: Carpenter Bees, Beetles, and Fungi. Proc. City of New Orleans and the Greater New Orleans Pest Control Association Termite Academy November 2010 Handbook. Section IV, 29 Pp.
  • Kard, Brad, Kevin Shelton, Charles Luper, and Charles Konemann. 2010. Termiticide Testing and Registration. Proc. City of New Orleans and the Greater New Orleans Pest Control Association Termite Academy November 2010 Handbook. Section VI. 27 Pp.
  • Shelton, Kevin, Brad Kard, and Jim Criswell. 2010. Choosing a Pest Management Company to Protect Your Home Against Termites. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet EPP-7308. DASNR, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 4 Pp.
  • Kard, Brad, Kevin Shelton, Charles Luper, and Charles Konemann. 2011. Termites and the Formosan Termite Threat. Proc. Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Program. Murray State College, Tishimingo, OK. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service and Oklahoma State University. 27 Pp.


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Field and laboratory experiments that elucidate taxonomy, biology, distribution and management of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are underway. Training of pest management professionals in the correct identification of potential invasive termite species continued. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, termite density in a colony, caste ratios, termite-resistant building materials, new a termiticide formulations and application techniques, and distribution of termiticides in soil are being conducted. Two Ph.D. students are continuing their graduate studies on subterranean termite ecology and biology of subterranean termites and their effect on plant growth and soil characteristics within a native tall grass prairie habitat. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. Events: Ten education training programs were conducted to train and certify pesticide applicators in the General Household Pests and Structural Pests in Oklahoma, resulting in approximately 110 applicators gaining certification in general and structural pest management and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide training sessions were conducted for pest management professionals. This resulted in 520+ pest management professionals receiving information and training on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. Services: Several hundred pest management professionals, students, and private citizens seek counsel and receive advice concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, conferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents and pest management professionals. Products: Nine power-point video training presentations were developed or updated for use during training sessions to certify pesticide applicators and pest control operators in an the areas of general, structural, and urban pest management. These specific presentations are augmented by approximately eight more power-point presentations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of termite foraging and feeding behavior, soil movement, and colony density was discovered and published or accepted for publication. Two current Ph.D. students have learned necessary procedures and skills for conducting termite research in both laboratory and field environments. PARTICIPANTS: Research scientists, university professors, graduate students, and technicians participated in the project. Partner organizations include the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, the Oklahoma Pest Control Association, and manufacturers and marketing personnel of pesticides, baiting systems, and non-chemical physical control product producers. Numerous training schools, conferences, and workshops were provided or participated in by personnel involved with the project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pest management professionals to include large pesticide manufacturing companies, pest control company owners and administrators, service technicians, certified pesticide applicators, scientists, research technicians, and physical plant and school maintenance personnel. . PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
New determinations and extension of the geographic range of Oklahoma native wood-destroying subterranean termite species aide pest management professionals to better manage these structure-damaging insects. The range of one destructive species found in extreme southwest Oklahoma has been extended to the northeast Oklahoma tallgrass prairie habitat. Additionally, the continuing surveillance program keeps Oklahoma pest management professionals alerted for early discovery of the exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas. Studies of new insecticide-treated building components as well as low-toxicity physical barriers and new termiticide formulations are underway. New treatment techniques and new bait products were placed in tests. These studies will aid in developing termite control programs for homeowners, and also benefit pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging behavior, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats is providing information of numbers of foraging termites, thereby allowing determination of the severity of threat to wooden structures in a given habitat. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies in native grasslands will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, water infiltration, and arthropod diversity. Ongoing molecular studies of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites have provided heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites, enhancing management research and strategies. Morphological taxonomic studies also continue to validate termite species identification for comparison with molecular taxonomic techniques.

Publications

  • Brown, K. S., B. M. Kard, M. E. Payton, and D. R. Kuehl. 2009. Excavation of Field-Collected Soils by Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 82(4): 283-292.
  • Jurgensen, Martin, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Brian Forschler, Carl Trettin, Brad Kard, and Steve Cook. 2009. Occurrence and Activity of Subterranean Termites in Temperate Forest Soils. Proc. Annual meeting of the Soil Science Society of America. Pittsburg, PA. November 1-5, 2009.
  • Smith, A. L., M. P. Smith, and B. M. Kard. 2010. Oklahoma Formosan Termite Surveillance Program and Termite Survey (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae). J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 83(3): 248-259.


Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Field and laboratory experiments that elucidate taxonomy, biology, distribution and management of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are underway. Training of pest management professionals in the correct identification of potential invasive termite species continued. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, termite density in a colony, caste ratios, termite-resistant building materials, new a termiticide formulations and application techniques, and distribution of termiticides in soil are being conducted. Two Ph.D. students are continuing their graduate studies on subterranean termite ecology and biology of subterranean termites and their effect on plant growth and soil characteristics within a native tall grass prairie habitat. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. Events: Ten education training programs were conducted to train and certify pesticide applicators in the General Household Pests and Structural Pests in Oklahoma, resulting in approximately 110 applicators gaining certification in general and structural pest management and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide training sessions were conducted for pest management professionals. This resulted in 520+ pest management professionals receiving information and training on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. Services: Several hundred pest management professionals, students, and private citizens seek counsel and receive advice concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, conferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents and pest management professionals. Products: Nine power-point video training presentations were developed or updated for use during training sessions to certify pesticide applicators and pest control operators in an the areas of general, structural, and urban pest management. These specific presentations are augmented by approximately eight more power-point presentations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of termite foraging and feeding behavior, soil movement, and colony density was discovered and published or accepted for publication. Two current Ph.D. students have learned necessary procedures and skills for conducting termite research in both laboratory and field environments. PARTICIPANTS: Research scientists, university professors, graduate students, and technicians participated in the project. Partner organizations include the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, the Oklahoma Pest Control Association, and manufacturers and marketing personnel of pesticides, baiting systems, and non-chemical physical control product producers. Numerous training schools, conferences, and workshops were provided or participated in by personnel involved with the project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pest management professionals to include large pesticide manufacturing companies, pest control company owners and administrators, service technicians, certified pesticide applicators, scientists, research technicians, and physical plant and school maintenance personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Outcomes / Impacts: New determinations and extension of the geographic range of Oklahoma native wood-destroying subterranean termite species aide pest management professionals to better manage these structure-damaging insects. The range of one destructive species found in extreme southwest Oklahoma has been extended to the northeast Oklahoma tallgrass prairie habitat. Additionally, the continuing surveillance program keeps Oklahoma pest management professionals alerted for early discovery of the exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas. Studies of new insecticide-treated building components as well as low-toxicity physical barriers and new termiticide formulations are underway. These studies will aid in developing termite control programs for homeowners, and also benefit pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging behavior, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats is providing information of numbers of foraging termites, thereby allowing determination of the severity of threat to wooden structures in a given habitat. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies in native grasslands will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, water infiltration, and arthropod diversity. Ongoing molecular studies of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites have provided heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites, enhancing management research and strategies. Morphological taxonomic studies also continue to validate termite species identification for comparison with molecular taxonomic techniques.

Publications

  • Lenz, Michael, Brad Kard, Theodore A. Evans, Joe K. Mauldin, J. Larry Etheridge, andHilda M. Abbey. 2009. Differential Use of Identical Food Resources by Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Two Types of Habitats. Environmental Entomology 38(1): 35-42.
  • Kard, Brad. Household Pests: Insects. 2009 OSU Extension Agents Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control: E-832. pp. 417-425. OSU Cooperative Extension Service, DASNR, Oklahoma State University.
  • Arnold, D., E. Rebek, T. Royer, P, Mulder, and B. Kard. 2009. Common Horticultural and Household Insects of Oklahoma (2008 Revision). Circular E-918. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. 175 Pp.
  • Nguyen, Ngan, Robbin Madden, Kenneth Brown, Brad Kard, and Jack Dillwith. 2009. Evidence of Dietary Cuticular Hydrocarabons transfer in Reticulitermes flavipes through Social Interactions.pp. 11-12. Proc. 57th Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, and the Annual Meeting of the Society of Southwestern Entomologists. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
  • Jurgensen, Martin, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Artemio Cerda, Brian Forschler, Carl Trettin, Steve Cook, and Brad Kard. 2009. Occurrence and Activity of Subterranean Termites in Temperate Forest Soils: United States and Spain. European Geosciences Union General Assembly. Austria Center, Vienna, Austria. (Abstract)


Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Field and lab research to elucidate taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are continuing. Five termite species and their distribution within Oklahoma were validated, and these surveys are continuing. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities have added to our knowledge of termite biology. Two M.S. students graduated and both continue as doctoral students in entomology. Field research is continuing to assess effectiveness of a new formulation soil termiticide, unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies, and termite resistant wood and plastic building materials. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. One MS student is studying arthropod diversity in a natural tallgrass prairie environment. A third Ph.D. student is studying the ecology of subterranean termites and their effect on plant growth and soil characteristics within a native grassland. Events: Nine education training programs were conducted to train and certify pesticide applicators in the General Household Pests and Structural Pests in Oklahoma. This resulted in approximately 86 applicators gaining certification in general and structural pest management and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide training and presentations were provided to pest management professionals. This resulted in 650 plus pest management professionals receiving information and training on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. Services: Many pest management professionals, students, and private citizens seek counsel and receive advice concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, conferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents, as well as pest control operators. Products: Seven power-point video training presentation are developed and in use as vehicles to certify pesticide applicators and pest control operators in structural and urban pest management. These specific presentations are augmented by approximately eight more power-point presentations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of termite foraging and feeding behavior, as well as brood care, has been discovered and accepted for publication. Four current graduate students (one-MS three-Ph.D.) have learned necessary procedures and skills for conducting termite research in both laboratory and field environments. PARTICIPANTS: Research scientists, university professors, graduate students, and technicians participated in the project. Partner organizations include the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, the Oklahoma Pest Control Association, and manufacturers and marketing personnel of pesticides, baiting systems, and non-chemical physical control product producers. Numerous training schools, conferences, and workshops were provided or participated in by personnel involved with the project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pest management professionals to include large pesticide manufacturing companies, pest control company owners and administrators, service technicians, certified pesticide applicators, scientists, research technicians, and physical plant and school maintenance personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
New determinations and extension of the geographic range of Oklahoma native wood-destroying subterranean termite species aide pest management professionals to better manage these structure-damaging insects. The range of one destructive species found in extreme southwest Oklahoma has been extended to the northeast Oklahoma tallgrass prairie habitat. Additionally, the continuing surveillance program jn cooperation with Oklahoma pest management professionals for early discovery of an invasive exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas is continuing. This termite has not discovered this termite in Oklahoma to date. However, continuing vigilance is essential, and will provide a possibility for eradication before widespread infestations become established in Oklahoma. Additionally, field evaluations of new insecticide-treated building components, as well as low-toxicity physical barriers will aid in termite control, benefiting pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging behavior, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats is providing information of numbers of foraging termites, thereby allowing determination of the severity of threat to wooden structures in a given habitat. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies in native grasslands will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, water infiltration, and arthropod diversity. Ongoing molecular studies of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites have provided heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites, enhancing management research and strategies. Morphological taxonomic studies also continue to validate termite species identification for comparison with molecular taxonomic techniques.

Publications

  • Kard, B. M. 2008. Termite Swarming Season. Plant disease and Insect Advisory 7(10): 1-3. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology. http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/. May 1, 2008.


Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Field and lab research to elucidate taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are continuing. Five termite species and their distribution within Oklahoma have been validated. Genetic profiles have been determined as taxonomic tools. Ongoing studies of habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities have added to our knowledge of termite biology. One Ph.D. student graduated and continues in post-doctoral studies. Additionally, one student demonstrated effectiveness of a new above-ground termite bait when investigating a new Insect Growth Regulator and its effects on eliminating an above-ground termite colony. Field research is continuing to assess effectiveness of a new soil termiticide, unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies, and termite resistant wood and plastic building materials. Research emphasis is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. One MS student is studying arthropod diversity in a natural tallgrass prairie environment. A second MS student is searching for exotic destructive termites, and studying genetics of native termites found and identified in Oklahoma. A third MS student is studying termites foraging, biology, and behavior in a cross-timbers habitat. Events: Nine education traing programs were conducted to train and certrify pesticide applicators in Oklahoma. This resulted in approximately 95 applicators gaining certification in general and strucutal pest mangement and safe use of pesticides and other control products. Several statewide in-service training and pest management professional conferences were conducted. This resulted in 500+ pest management professionals receiving information and training on structural and general urban arthropod pests and their management. Services: Numerous pest management professionals and students seek counsel and receive advice concerning structural and urban pest management. In-service programs, coferences, and workshops provide training to state extension agents, as well as pest control operators. Products: Seven power-point video training presentation are developed and in use as vehicles to certify pesticide applicators and pest control ooperators in structural and urban pest managment. These specific presentations are augmented by approximately eight more power-point presenations plus hands-on multi-day field training exercises. New fundamental knowledge of the termite proteome has been discovered, and genetic taxonomy protocols are in use. One PH.D. student graduated in Entomolgy concenrtrating in molecular studies of termites. Four ongoing graduate students have learned necessary procedures and skills for conducting termite research in laboratory and field environments. PARTICIPANTS: Research scientists, university professors, graduate students, and technicians participated in the project. Partner organizations include the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, the Oklahoma Pest Control Association, and manufacturers and marketing personnel of pesticides, baiting systems, and non-chemical physical control product producers. Numerous training schools, conferences, and workshops were provided or participated in by personnel involved with the project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pest management professionals to include large pesticide manufacturing companies, as well as pest control company owners, service technicians, certified pesticide applicators, scientists, and researchers.

Impacts
New determinations and extension of the geographic range of Oklahoma native wood-destroying subterranean termite species aides pest management professionals to better manage these structure-damaging insects. The range of one destructive species found in extreme southwest Oklahoma has been extended to the northeast Oklahoma tallgrass prairie habitat. Additionally, the continuing surveillance program for early discovery of an invasive exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas has not discovered this termite in Oklahoma to date. However, continuing vigilance is essential, and will provide a possibility for eradication before widespread infestations become established in Oklahoma. Additionally, field evaluations of new insecticide-treated building components, as well as low-toxicity physical barriers will aid in termite control, benefiting pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging behavior, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats is providing information of numbers of foraging termites, thereby allowing determination of the severity of threat to wooden structures in a given habitat. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, water infiltration, and arthropod diversity. Ongoing molecular studies of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites have provided heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites, enhancing management research and strategies.

Publications

  • Brown, K. S., B. M. Kard, M. E. Payton, and M. P. Doss. 2007. Influence of Artificial Guidelines in Soil on Monitoring Station Finding by Foraging Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Entomological Science 42(3): 421-425.
  • Brown, K. S., G. H. Broussard, B. M. Kard, M. P. Smith, and A. L. Smith. 2007. Colony Characteristics of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) on a Tallgrass Prairie. American Midland Naturalist 57(2).
  • Kard, B. M., and S. Hiziroglu. 2007. Resistance of Eastern Redcedar Panels to Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Forest Products Journal 57(11): 1-6.
  • Forschler, B. T., Jones, S. C., Kard, B. M., Baumann, G. J., Henderson, G., Suiter, D., Baker, P., Howell, H. N., Jr., Gold, R. E., and Jackson, D. 2007. Termite Management: Still an Ongoing Process. Pest Control 75.


Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Field surveys to elucidate the taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are continuing. Five termite species have been validated, and their distribution across the state being determined. Studies to elucidate genetic profiles, and determine resource allocation and brood placement by subterranean termite colonies relative to variation in food resources have also been initiated. Habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities are being investigated. Studies to determine resistance of preservative-treated wood to termite damage are underway. One Ph.D. and one M.S. student are conducting laboratory and field research to elucidate the biology and ecology of indigenous subterranean termites in the Oklahoma Native Tallgrass Prairie, Pawhuska, Oklahoma (Nature Conservancy). These multiple studies will determine termite densities, foraging territories, seasonal depth or foraging, food resources exploited, caste ratio biology, soil aeration and fertility related to termite activities, and effects of termites on carbon sequestration on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Additional complex laboratory, greenhouse, and urban studies are underway to investigate the capabilities of termites to transport soil, feed on non-structural materials, and make choices and feeding preferences. Cuticular compounds and, proteomics research is also underway. Another student, a Ph.D. candidate, is studying the proteome of native subterranean termites that will result in a protein map for the first time. Additionally, this student is investigating a new IGR and its effects on eliminating an aboveground termite colony. Field research is continuing to assess effectiveness of a new soil termiticide, unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies, and termite resistant wood and plastic building materials. Additionally, a low-chemical physical vapor barrier, sheeting product that has potential for termite control is in field tests. A study to determine the efficacy and residues of a new termiticide in soil over time has also been initiated. Residues of unique formulation termiticides in soil have been determined. Emphasis of this research is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. One new MS students initiated his program of study in August 2006, and is studying arthropod diversity in a natural tallgrass prairie environment. The second MS student is searching for exotic destructive termites, and studying genetics of native and exotic termites found and identified in Oklahoma. A third MS student ins studying termites foraging, biology, and behavior in a cross-timbers habitat.

Impacts
Knowledge of the geographic range of the primary native and exotic species of destructive wood-destroying termites aids pest management professionals to better manage these damaging insects. Search for and early discovery of an invasive exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas will provide a possibility for eradication before widespread infestations become established in Oklahoma. Field evaluations of new insecticides, physical barriers, baits, and physical guidelines in soil relative to termite management will aid in termite control, benefiting pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats, as well as large apartment buildings and homes, will also enhance effectiveness of control programs. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, and water percolation, and arthropod diversity. Elucidation of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites will provide heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites. Such knowledge will provide new information about the fundamental biology of termites, leading to increased understanding of how these truly social, ancient, and successful insects cooperate, survive, and proliferate around the world.

Publications

  • Smith, A., M.Smith, and B.Kard. 2006.Oklahoma Coptotermes ormosanus (Shiraki) Surveillance Program. Proc. 54th Ann. Meeting SW Branch Entomol. Soc. Amer. 11: SP-12. 27 Feb. - 2 Mar.2006. Austin, TX. (Abstract) Shelton, K., J.Criswell, and B.M. Kard. 2006. Structural and General Pest Control Certification in Oklahoma. Proc. National Conference on Urban Entomology. May 21-24, 2006. Raleigh, NC.5Pp.
  • Brown, K.S., G.H. Broussard, B.M. Kard, M.P. Smith, and A.L. Smith. 2006. Colony Characterization of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) on a Native Tallgrass Prairie. Proc. National Conference on Urban Entomology. May 21-24, 2006. Raleigh, NC. 5Pp.
  • Gangloff-Kaufmann,J., C.Hollingsworth, J.Hahn, L.Hansen, B.Kard, and M.Waldvogel. 2006. Bed Bugs in America:A Pest Management Survey. American Entomologist 52(2):105-106.
  • Mulrooney,J.,T.L. Wagner, B.M. Kard, and P.D. Gerard. 2006. Persistence of Termiticides in Soil Inside and Outside Miniature Concrete Foundations. Sociobiology 48(1):107-133.
  • Smith,M., K.Brown, G.Broussard, A.Smith, and B.Kard. 2006. Characterization of Reticulitermes flavipes colonies on a native tallgrass prairie/cross-timbers habitat. Proc. 54th Ann. Meeting SW Branch Entomol. Soc. Amer. 3: SO-07. 27 Feb.- 2 Mar.2006. Austin, TX. (Abstract)
  • Bowen,C.J., R.D.Madden, B.M.Kard, and J.W. Dillwith. 2006. Preliminary Proteome Comparison between Worker and Soldier Castes of Reticulitermes flavipes. Proc. 54th Ann. Meeting SW Branch Entomol. Soc.Amer.6: SO-13. 27 Feb.- 2 Mar.2006. Austin, TX. (Abstract)
  • Broussard,G.H., A.L. Smith, M.P. Smith, K.S. Brown, and B.M.Kard. 2006. Influence of Monitoring Station Diameter and Food Source Volume on the Frequency of Subterranean Termite Activity. Proc. 54th Ann. Meeting SW Branch ESA.7:SP-02. 27 Feb - 2 Mar.2006. Austin, TX.(Abstract)
  • Kuehl,D., and B.M. Kard.2006. Soil Arthropod Diversity on the Nature Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Proc. 54th Ann. Meeting SW Branch Entomol. Soc. Amer. 10: SP-09. 27 Feb. - 2 Mar. 2006. Austin, TX. (Abstract)


Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
Field surveys to elucidate the taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are continuing. Four termite species have been validated, and their distribution across the state relative to varying soil regimes and ground covers is being examined. Studies to elucidate genetic profiles, and determine resource allocation and brood placement by subterranean termite colonies relative to variation in food resources have also been initiated. Habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities are being investigated. Studies to determine resistance of preservative-treated wood to termite damage are underway. One Ph.D. and one M.S. student are conducting laboratory and field research to elucidate the biology and ecology of indigenous subterranean termites in the Oklahoma Native Tallgrass Prairie, Pawhuska, Oklahoma (Nature Conservancy Land). These multiple studies will determine termite densities, foraging territories, seasonal depth or foraging, food resources exploited, caste ratio biology, soil aeration and fertility related to termite activities, and effects of termites on carbon sequestration on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Additional complex laboratory, greenhouse, and urban studies are underway to investigate the capabilities of termites to transport soil, feed on non-structural materials, and make choices and feeding preferences. Cuticular compounds and, proteomics research is also underway. Another student, a Ph.D. candidate, is studying the proteome of native subterranean termites that will result in a protein map for the first time. Additionally, this student is investigating a new IGR and its effects on eliminating an aboveground termite colony. Field research is continuing to assess effectiveness of a new soil termiticide, unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies, and termite resistant wood and plastic building materials. Additionally, a low-chemical physical vapor barrier, sheeting product that has potential for termite control is in field tests. A study to determine the efficacy and residues of a new termiticide in soil over time has also been initiated. Residues of unique formulation termiticides in soil have been determined. Emphasis of this research is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. Two new MS students initiated their programs of study in January 2005. One student is studying subterranean termite biology in a natural tallgrass prairie environment. The second MS student is searching for exotic destructive termites, and studying genetics of native and exotic termites found and identified in Oklahoma.

Impacts
Knowledge of the geographic range of the primary native and exotic species of destructive wood-destroying termites aids pest management professionals to better manage these damaging insects. Search for and early discovery of an invasive exotic Formosan termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas will provide a possibility for eradication before widespread infestations become established in Oklahoma. Field evaluations of new insecticides, physical barriers, baits, and physical guidelines in soil relative to termite management will aid in termite control, benefiting pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats, as well as large apartment buildings and homes, will also enhance effectiveness of control programs. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, and water percolation, and arthropod diversity. Elucidation of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites will provide heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites. Such knowledge will provide new information about the fundamental biology of termites, leading to increased understanding of how these truly social, ancient, and successful insects cooperate, survive, and proliferate around the world.

Publications

  • Austin, J. W., A. L. Szalanski, and B. M. Kard. 2004. Genetic variation in Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Oklahoma. Florida Entomol. 87: 152-158.
  • Brown, K.S., B. M. Kard, and M. E. Payton. 2005. Comparative morphology of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) of Oklahoma. J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 78(3): 277-284.
  • Wright, R. E., and B. M. Kard. 2005. Household Pest Control. OSU Coop. Ext. Serv. Fact Sheet # F-7312. 7Pp.
  • Kard, B. M., J. T. Criswell, M. P. Doss, et al. 2005. Termite biology, ecology, and pest management at Oklahoma State University. Proc. NPMA PestWorld 2005 Conf. and Exposition. Nashville, TN.


Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04

Outputs
Field surveys to elucidate the taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are continuing. Four termite species have been validated, and their distribution across the state relative to varying soil regimes and ground covers is being examined. Studies to elucidate genetic profiles, and determine resource allocation and brood placement by subterranean termite colonies relative to variation in food resources have also been initiated. Habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities are being investigated. Studies to determine resistance of preservative-treated wood to termite damage are underway. Two Ph.D. students have initiated laboratory and field research to elucidate the biology and ecology of indigenous subterranean termites in the Oklahoma Native Tallgrass Prairie, Pawhuska, Oklahoma (Nature Conservancy Land). These multiple studies will determine termite densities, foraging territories, seasonal depth or foraging, food resources exploited, caste ratio biology, soil aeration and fertility related to termite activities, and effects of termites on carbon sequestration on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Additional complex laboratory, greenhouse, and urban studies are underway to investigate the capabilities of termites to transport soil, feed on non-structural materials, and make choices and feeding preferences. Cuticular compounds and, proteomics research is also underway. Another student, a Ph.D. candidate, is studying the proteome of native subterranean termites that will result in a protein map for the first time. Additionally, this student is investigating a new IGR and its effects on eliminating an aboveground termite colony. Field research is continuing to assess effectiveness of a new soil termiticide, unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies, and termite resistant wood and plastic building materials. Additionally, a low-chemical physical vapor barrier, sheeting product that has potential for termite control is in field tests. A study to determine the efficacy and residues of a new termiticide in soil over time has also been initiated. Residues of unique formulation termiticides in soil have been determined. Emphasis of this research is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. Two new MS students will begin their programs of study in January 2005. One student will study subterranean termite biology in natural environment. The second MS student will search for exotic destructive termites, and study genetics of native and exotic termites found and identified

Impacts
Knowledge of the geographic range of the primary native and exotic species of destructive wood-destroying termites aids pest management professionals to better manage these damaging insects. Search for and early discovery of an invasive exotic termite now approaching Oklahoma from north Texas will provide a possibility for eradication before widespread infestations become established in Oklahoma. Field evaluations of new insecticides, physical barriers, baits, and physical guidelines in soil relative to termite management will aid in termite control, benefiting pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats, as well as large apartment buildings and homes, will also enhance effectiveness of control programs. Research with potentially termite-resistant building materials may lead to their commercial use in home construction. Studies on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, and water percolation, and arthropod diversity. Elucidation of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites will provide heretofore not known basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites. Such knowledge will provide new information about the fundamental biology of termites, leading to increased understanding of how these truly social, ancient, and successful insects cooperate, survive, and proliferate around the world

Publications

  • Brown, K. S., B. M. Kard, and M. P. Doss. 2004. "2002 Oklahoma Termite Survey (Isoptera)." J. Kansas Entomological Society 77(1):1-9.
  • Austin, James W., Allen L. Szalanski, and B. M. Kard. 2004. "Genetic Variation in Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Oklahoma." Florida Entomologist 87(2): 152-158.
  • Lenz, M., J. W. Creffield, T. A. Evans, B. M. Kard, C. Vongkaluang, Y. Sornnuwat, and A. Preston. 2003. International Comparison of Three Field Methods for Assessing the In-Ground Resistance of reservative-Treated and Untreated Wood to Termites and Fungal Decay- Summary of Observations After Five Years. Proc. 34th Annual Meeting of the International Res. Group on Wood Preservation-Working Group 1b: Biological Problems. 23 Pp., Australia. Doc. IRG/WP/03. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Thorne, B. L., J. A. Traniello, M. Lenz, and B. M. Kard. 2004. "Search and Destroy: Termite "Foraging Behavior and What it Means for Effective Termite IPM." Pest Control Technology 32(2):44-52. February 2004. Kard, B. M. 2004. "Bill Nutting: Student, Teacher, Mentor, Pioneer." Proc. National Conference Urban Entomology, Pp. 20. May 19-22, 2004. Phoenix, AZ.
  • Nutting, R. D., M. I. Haverty, and B. M. Kard. 2004. "William L. Nutting, 1922-1992." Proc. 2004 National Conference on Urban Entomology, Pp. 21-22. May 19-22, 2004. Phoenix, AZ.
  • Bowen, Jerry, and Brad Kard. 2004. "Delineation and Management of a Reticulitermes Aerial Colony." Proc. 2004 National Conference on Urban Entomology, Pp.37-39. May 19-22, 2004. Phoenix, AZ.
  • Kard, B. M., and S. C. Jones. 2004. "Borates as a Tool for Termite Management." Proc. XXII International Congress of Entomology. August 15-21, 2004. Brisbane, Australia. 2 Pp. (Abstract)


Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03

Outputs
Field surveys to elucidate the taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma are continuing. Four termite species have been validated, and their distribution across the state relative to varying soil regimes and ground covers is being examined. Studies to elucidate genetic profiles, and determine resource allocation and brood placement by subterranean termite colonies relative to variation in food resources have also been initiated. Habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities are being investigated. Studies to determine resistance of preservative-treated wood to termite damage are underway. Three Ph.D. students have initiated laboratory and field research to elucidate the biology and ecology of indigenous subterranean termites in the Oklahoma Native Tallgrass Prairie, Pawhuska, Oklahoma (Nature Conservancy Land). These multiple studies will determine termite densities, foraging territories, seasonal depth or foraging, food resources exploited, caste ratio biology, soil aeration and fertility related to termite activities, and effects of termites on carbon sequestration on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Additional complex laboratory, greenhouse, and urban studies are underway to investigate the capabilities of termites to transport soil, feed on non-structural materials, and make choices and feeding preferences. Cuticular compounds and proteomics research is also underway. Field research is continuing to assess effectiveness of a new soil termiticide, and unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies. Additionally, a low-chemical physical vapor barrier sheeting product that has potential for termite control is in field tests. A study to determine the efficacy and residues of a new termiticide in soil over time has also been initiated. Residues of unique formulation termiticides in soil have been determined. Emphasis of this research is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control. One student completed an M.S. in Entomology, concentrating in subterranean termite biology and management, in December 2002. This student is currently at Oklahoma State University pursuing a Ph.D. in Entomology, concentrating in biology and management of subterranean termites.

Impacts
Knowledge of the geographic range of the primary species of destructive wood-destroying termites aids pest management professionals to better manage these damaging insects. Field evaluations of new insecticides, physical barriers, baits, and physical guidelines in soil relative to termite management will aid in termite control, benefiting pest control companies in Oklahoma and across the USA. Foraging, biology, and ecology studies of termites in natural habitats, as well as large apartment buildings and homes, will also enhance effectiveness of control programs. Research with termite-resistant building paneling may lead to commercial use of such panels and use of termite resistant woods in the paneling industry. Studies on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve will provide knowledge of the beneficial impact of termites in rangelands, especially relative to forage growth, soil aeration and fertility, and water percolation, and arthropod diversity. Elucidation of chemical and molecular biology of subterranean termites will provide heretofore unknown basic biological knowledge of Oklahoma indigenous termites. Such knowledge will provide new information about the fundamental biology of termites, leading to increased understanding of how these truly social, ancient, and vastly successful insects cooperate, survive, and proliferate around the world.

Publications

  • Kard, Bradford M. 2003. "Integrated Pest Management of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera)." J. Entomol. Sci. 38(2): 200-224.
  • Kard, B. M., , J. L. Etheridge, E. J. Mallette, and N. M. Rich 2003. "Procedures for Preparing Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) for Laboratory Studies." Sociobiology 41(2): 495-511.
  • Kard, Brad, Russell Wright, Jim Criswell, and Kevin Shelton. 2003. Second Annual Report: Structural and Urban Entomology Endowment Program and Pinkston Education Facility for Structural and Urban Pest Control. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology. 6 pp.
  • Kard, Bradford M. 2003. "Termites - IPM in Schools." In: Proc. 57th Annual Pest Management Conference and Workshop. January 8-10, 2003. Texas A & M University, College Station, TX. Pp. 77-126.
  • Kard, Bradford M. 2003. "Termiticide Testing from a National Perspective." In: Proc. 57th Annual Pest Management Conference and Workshop. January 8-10, 2003. Texas A & M University, College Station, TX. Pp. 130-144.
  • Lenz, M., J. W. Creffield, T. A. Evans, B. M. Kard, C. Vongkaluang, Y. Sornnuwat, and A. F. Preston. 2003. International Comparison of Three Field Methods for Assessing the In-Ground Resistance of Preservative-Treated and Untreated Wood to Termites and Fungal Decay- Summary of Observations After Five Years. In: Proc. 34th Annual Meeting of the International Res. Group on Wood Preservation-Working Group 1b: Biological Problems. May 20-24. Brisbane, Australia. Doc. IRG/WP/03. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 23 pp.


Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02

Outputs
Initiated field surveys to elucidate the taxonomy, biology, and distribution of indigenous subterranean termites in Oklahoma. Four termite species are validated, and their distribution across the state relative to varying soil regimes and ground-covers is being examined. Studies to elucidate genetic profiles, and determine resource allocation and brood placement by subterranean termite colonies relative to variation in food resources have also been initiated. Habitat preferences, social behavior, reproduction, foraging behavior, brood allocation, nutrient preferences, numbers of termites in a colony, caste ratios, and distinguishing peculiarities are being investigated. A study to investigate the influence of artificial guidelines in soil on termite foraging is completed, and a manuscript is in preparation. Studies to determine resistance of preservative-treated wood to termite damage are in place. Filed research is underway to assess effectiveness of a new soil termiticide, and unique new materials for termite control baiting strategies. Additionally, a low-chemical physical vapor barrier sheeting product that has potential for termite control is in field tests. A study to determine the efficacy and residues of a new termiticide in soil over time has also been initiated. Emphasis of this research is to find environmentally acceptable, effective chemical termiticides and baits in addition to the presently registered termiticides and baits for subterranean termite control, and investigate new techniques, new formulations, and mechanical-physical barrier materials and methods for subterranean termite control.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Kard, Bradford M. 2001. Detrimental Effects of Boric-Acid-Treated Soil Against Foraging Subterranean Termites(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 37 (2): 363-378.
  • Forschler, B., Jones, S., Kard, B., Baumann, G., Henderson, G., Suiter, D., Baker, P., Howell, H., Gold, R. , and Jackson, D. 2002. Termite Management is an Ongoing Process. Pest Control 70(2):36-40.
  • Kard, Bradford M. 2002. Termiticide Update and New Termite Management Technology. In: Proc. Illinois Pest Control Assoc. Annual Meeting. March 27, 2002. Bloomington, Ill. 12pp.
  • Forschler, B. T., Jones, S. C., Kard, B. M., Baumann, G. J., Henderson, G., Suiter, D., Baker, P., Howell, H. N., Jr., Gold, R. E., and Jackson, D. 2002. Make a Case for Moisture Management. Pest Control 70(4): 24.
  • Kard, Brad, and Russell Wright. 2002. Annual Report: Structural and Urban Entomology Endowment Program and Pinkston Education Facility for Structural and Urban Pest Control. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology. 6 pp.