Progress 07/01/04 to 06/30/09
Outputs OUTPUTS: Empirical evidence from grower fields continued to indicated that use of of the pesticide Rimon (novaluron) was sometimes associated with low return of alfalfa leafcutting bees (ALCB)in alfalfa seed production. Laboratory studies conducted in 2008 and 2009 indicated that ALCB larvae treated with field rates of novaluron suffered at least 90% higher mortality than untreated bees. Adult bees fed a sucrose solution containing Rimon had a greater than 90% reduction in production of progeny (depositied no eggs or inviable eggs). Fields studies conducted in 2009 in parallel with the laboratory studies showed an increase in the % pollen balls and a decrease in live ALCB bee larve in nest blocks from fields treated with Rimon comapred to those from fields treated with alternative pesticides. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: James D Barbour, Erin Hodgson, Theresa Pitt-Singer; PIs, Joyce Ashcraft; Research Technician, Noemi Fernandez; Research Support Scientist Partner organizations: USDA-ARS Pollinating insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research Laboratory. Utah State University, Idaho alfalfa and clover seed commission TARGET AUDIENCES: TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of these efforts is alfalfa seed growers and alfalfa seed companies operating in Idaho,and the western US, and their field personnel. Efforts consisted of extension and outreach to target audiences through prentations at grower meetings and workshops, research reports and face-to-face contacts. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Some research and extension effort redirected to understanding the role of Rimon in reduced ALCB return and to formulating new recommendations for use of Rimon for managing lygus bugs in alfalfa seed.
Impacts There has been increased use of these three low-risk compounds for managing lygus in alfalfa seed grown in Idaho. There is also increasing concern about the potential effects of novaluron on alfalfa leafcutting bee return. These concerns have cause us to redirect our research efforts during the 2008 and 2009 crop years to focus on the potential impact of novaluron on alfalfa leafcutting bees and createing new recommendations for the use of Rimon for managing lygus bugs in alfalfa seed.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs OUTPUTS: Several low risk pesticides (metaflumazone, novaluron, flonicamid) were tested for efficacy against lygus bugs and were shown to provide effective control lygus bug control. Some empirical evidence from grower fields indicated that use of one of the compounds, novaluron, was associated with low return of alfalfa leafcutting bees (ALCB). Laboratory studies indicated that ALCB larvae treated with field rates of novaluron suffered higher mortality than untreated bees. Fields studies conducted in parallel with the laboratory studies, however, showed no difference in ALCB return between fields treated with novaluron and fields treated with other grower selected insecticides. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: James D Barbour, Erin Hodgson, Theresa Pitt-Singer; PIs, Joyce Ashcraft; Research Technician, Noemi Fernandez; Research Support Scientist Partner organizations: USDA-ARS Pollinating insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research Laboratory. Utah State University: TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of these efforts is alfalfa seed growers and alfalfa seed companies operating in Idaho,and the western US, and their field personnel. Efforts consisted of extension and outreach to target audiences through prentations at grower meetings and workshops, research reports and face-to-face contacts. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts There has been increased use of these three low-risk compounds for managing lygus in alfalfa seed grown in Idaho. There is also increasing concern about the potential effects of novaluron on alfalfa leafcutting bee return. These concerns resulted in a redirection of our research efforts during the 2008 and 2009 crop years to focus on the potential impact of novaluron on alfalfa leafcutting bees.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs OUTPUTS: Several low risk pesticides(metaflumazone, novaluron, flonicamid) tested for efficacy against lygus bugs provided moderate lygus bug control and proved less toxic to alfalfa leafcutting bees and to lygus bug predators than currently labeled compounds. These compounds have potential, either alone or in combination with natural enemies, to provide effective control. Under current management practices, natural enemies alone cannot provide economic lygus bug control. Results of studies have been desseminated via presentations to growers and field persons, peer reviewed exension publication, peer reviewed book sections and refereed abstracts/proceedings.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: James D Barbour; PI, Joyce Ashcraft; Research Technician, Noemi Fernandez; Research Support Scientist Partner organizations: USDA-ARS Pollinating insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research Laboratory
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is idaho alfalfa seed growers, seed companies operating in Idaho, and their field personnel. Scince based knwledge resulting form this project was deseminated to the target audience via extension and aoutreach efforts: preentations and peer reviewed extension publications.
Impacts As a result of tests conducted by us and other researchers in this and previous years, flonicamid and acetamiprid received section 24c registration in Idaho for management of lygus in alfalfa seed during the 2007 crop year. These compounds were used by alfalfa seed growers in 2007 and likely replaced aome applications of more broadly toxic insecticides for lygus control
Publications
- Baird, C.R. and Barbour, J.D. 2007. Beneficial Organisms: True bug predators. In: (W. O. Lamp, R. Berberet, D. Johnson, L. Higley, & C. Baird, Eds.), Handbook of Forage and Rangeland Insects. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD and The American Phytopathological Society Press. 188 pp.
- Baird, C.R. and Barbour, J.D. 2007. Beneficial Organisms: Pollinators. In: (W. O. Lamp, R. Berberet, D. Johnson, L. Higley, & C. Baird, Eds.), Handbook of Forage and Rangeland Insects. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD and The American Phytopathological Society Press. 188 pp.
- Baird, C.R. and Barbour, J.D. 2007. Injurious Arthropods: Lygus bugs. In: (W. O. Lamp, R. Berberet, D. Johnson, L. Higley, & C. Baird, Eds.), Handbook of Forage and Rangeland Insects. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD and The American Phytopathological Society Press. 188 pp.
- Baird, C.R. and Barbour, J.D. 2007. Injurious Arthropods: Seed Chalcids. In: (W. O. Lamp, R. Berberet, D. Johnson, L. Higley, & C. Baird, Eds.), Handbook of Forage and Rangeland Insects. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD and The American Phytopathological Society Press. 188 pp.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs Mortality response of Lygus hesperus collected from grower fields was tested against carbamate, pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides used for their control in alfalfa seed. Lygus hesperus mortality to pyethroids varied among grower fields early and late season for bifenthrin, but not for lambda cyhalothrin. Carbamate response varied among grower fields late season for formetanate hydrochloride, but did not vary among grower fields for methomyl. Mortality response to organophosphates varied late season, but not early season, for both methidathion and oxydematon-methyl. These results indicate that L. hesperus sensitivity to these pesticides varies among pesticide classes and seasonally. Novaluran was tested in grower fields and flonicomind was tested in small plot trials for efficacy against L. hesperus. Both are reduced risk compounds that are more IPM-friendly than traditional compounds used to control lygus in alfalfa seed, and both compounds reduced L. hesperus
numbers and/or increased seed yield compared to control treatments. We have demonstrated in both first and second year alfalfa seed significant interactions of plant spacing with available or residual Phosphorus. The results suggest producers have little reason to apply Phosphorus for alfalfa seed production at plant spacings normally used, especially when residual phosphorus is maintained at levels above those necessary for near maximum vegetative growth.
Impacts This research provides information on lygus bug sensitivity to pesticides currently labeled for their control in alfalfa seed and will aid in the development of resistance management programs to extend their use. Results of efficacy trials are expected to lead to the registration of low risk pesticides for L. hesperus control in alfalfa seed. It is expected that the use of these compounds will increase the potential for management of L. hesperus using biological control by predaceous and parasitic natural enemies. Novaluran (Rimon 0.83EC) received a section 24c registration in 2006 for control of lygus in alfalfa seed. The results of phosphorus fertilization experiments will used to revise the Idaho Fertilizer Guide if the third year trials confirm the response observed in the first two years.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs Residual toxicity (RT25) studies of alfalfa foliage treated with acetomiprid, clothianidin, indoxicarb, novaluron, thiacloprid, were conducted with alfalfa leaf cutting bees and for several natural enemies of lygus bugs (bigeyed bugs, damsel bugs and minute pirate bugs). Residual toxicity of all compounds except clothianidin (24h) thiacloprid (48) was less then 8 hr and to alfalfa leafcutting bees, bigeyed bugs and damsel bugs. The RT25 is of all compounds to these insects was one half or less than that of bifenthrin (96hr). All compounds exept novaluron (4h) have equivalent and high residual toxicity to minute pirate bugs (96h). Peristenus howardi parasitized lygus bugs from 3 crop and 4 non-crop hosts sampled with peak parasitism rates ranging from 5% to 80%. P. howardi accounted for about 75% of the observed lygus parasitism. Other, unknown Peristenus and non-Peristenus species accounted for the remaining parasitism.
Impacts This information will help us to design cropping systems that increase the chance of successful biological control of lygus if any of the lower risk compounds tested are registered for use against lygus bugs in alfalfa seed. This work also increases our understanding of the interaction of Peristenus howardi with lygus bugs and lygus bug host plants.
Publications
- Barbour, J.D. 2005. Effects of crop management practices on pollinators and pollination in alfalfa seed and other Pacific Northwest crops. P. 23. Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Seed School held 1/3-/05-2/1/05. Boise ID.
- Seymour, L.M, Mowry, T.M., Day, W.H. and Barbour, J.D. 2005. Parasitism of Lygus spp. (Heteroptera: Miridae) nymphs in the alfalfa seed growing region of the Pacific Northwest. J. Insect Science, Accepted
- Barbour, J.D., Seymour, L.M. and Mowry, T.M. 2005. Determining parasitism of Lygus spp. by Peristenus spp. in crop and non-crop hosts using polymerase chain reaction. P. 57 Proceedings of the Ecology and Management of Lygus Plant Bugs Symposia held 1/30/05-2/3/05 Ottwa, Ontario, CA.
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