Source: OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
FLOW OF NUTRIENTS IN SEMIARID ECOSYSTEMS FROM ANIMAL MANURE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
OTHER GRANTS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0207305
Grant No.
2006-38851-03540
Project No.
OKL02595
Proposal No.
2006-06230
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
NR
Project Start Date
Jul 15, 2006
Project End Date
Jul 14, 2009
Grant Year
2006
Project Director
Hattey, J. A.
Recipient Organization
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
STILLWATER,OK 74078
Performing Department
PLANT & SOIL SCIENCES
Non Technical Summary
The purpose of this project is to develop systems that maximize efficient use of animal manures as nutrient sources for crop production in the southern Great Plains while reducing negative effects to water and air quality. This project will evaluate application timing and method of swine effluent in an irrigated, no-till cropping rotation. It will also measure changes nutrients entering the waste stream or atmosphere in a commercial production setting as a result of dietary modification in swine feeding operation. A result of this work will be management tools to allow producers to make informed decisions about their operations based on waste management system, diet selection, and cropping systems.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
10%
Applied
70%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
4033510101040%
4033510106060%
Knowledge Area
403 - Waste Disposal, Recycling, and Reuse;

Subject Of Investigation
3510 - Swine, live animal;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems); 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;
Goals / Objectives
1) Determine best management practices for animal waste utilization in long-term reduced tillage cropping systems; 2) Determine gaseous emissions and deposition from animal waste; 3) To assess the impact of animal waste and ammonia deposition on soil biology; 4) Use diet modification to alter swine manure nutrient content and evaluate resulting changes in manure properties; 5) Evaluate the economic impact of indoor air quality and diet modification for swine.
Project Methods
Swine effluent will be land applied by selected N rates to no-till corn-wheat and sorghum-wheat rotations to determine agronomic rates under irrigated corn. Subsurface irrigation will be used as a method to apply swine effluent to irrigated cropping systems. Measurements of biomass production, nutrient uptake, and nutrient changes in the soil profile will be collected. Wet and dry ammonia deposition will be assessed on sites near confined animal feeding operations and correlated to vegetative and microbial communities. Two approaches will be used to assess the impact of animal waste on the soil biological community. Microbial activity, diversity and community structure will be evaluated using culture techniques in combination with molecular technologies. Current microbial activity will be assessed by determining enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase. Additional work will be conducted to determine the effect of diet management on ammonia emissions from swine. These experiments will be performed in a research finisher where quantitative measurement of nitrogen, phosphorus, and salt inputs and outputs can be determined during the life-cycle for growing finishing pigs in a commercial setting. In addition the liberation of ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide from the pits will be quantified. This information will be used to evaluate system level economics of dietary changes to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and those from air quality improvements within and around confined swine feeding facilities. It will be accomplished by econometric or statistical analysis of data from swine diet experiments conducted at Oklahoma State University. Budget and simulation methods will be used to estimate costs and returns associated with the amount and form of dietary nitrogen and phosphorus, the rate of and cost of gain and the costs associated with the quantity and form of nitrogen and phosphorous excretion.

Progress 07/15/06 to 07/14/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Evaluation of effluent nutrient concentrations following subsurface irrigation in soil solution collected from lysimeters indicates that overall nutrient concentrations decreased with the exception of nitrate-N, calcium and copper. This expected decrease to soil solution nutrient concentrations are due to soil sorption and plant uptake. Nitrification of effluent NH4-N accounts for the increases observed in NO3-N levels found in the soil solutions. Increased Ca concentrations likely resulted from the solubilization of Ca when water was added in these high calcium soils. Dietary modification diets for sows from four different lactation periods with reduced dietary CP and P were evaluated based on sow performance and DM, N, and P excretion. Prior to farrowing, sows were placed into one of two identical barns with shallow pit, pull-plug drainage systems. Each barn was randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments. No differences in sow and litter performance or ADFI were noted between treatments. Daily DM excreted was similar between treatments, but daily N excretion was reduced for sows fed the experimental diet. Likewise, daily P excretion was reduced with the experimental diet. Based on these results, the experimental diet did not affect sow performance, intake, or daily DM excretion. However, the results of this study suggest that feeding an experimental diet to lactating sows can reduce daily N and P excretion. In another study, crossbred pigs was used to determine the effects of soybean hull addition to a low excretion diet on pig performance and nutrient excretion during an entire finishing period. Pigs were housed in an environmentally-controlled building with four identical rooms, each with a shallow pit, pull-plug system. Pigs were a low nutrient excretion diet (LNE) with crystalline AA addition. Dietary treatment did not affect pig performance and daily DM intake was similar however slurry concentration and daily excretion of P and N was reduced for pigs fed LNE diet. In addition, ammonia emissions were reduced for pigs fed LNE indicating daily P and N excretion could be reduced by 29 and 28%, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Jeff Hattey, Plant and Soil Sciences Dr. Scott Carter, Animal Science Dr. Art Stoecker, Agricultural Economics Dr. Mike Kizer, Biosystems & Ag Engineering Jason Turner, Plant and Soil Sciences Graduate Students including Megan Bible, Kyle Blankenship, Laura Eskridge, Haejin Kim, Kaliana Tanganelli, Thomas Walraven, Chaowana Phetcharat TARGET AUDIENCES: Presentations and research reports were provided to crop and livestock producers, extension educators and agricultural professionals in the region as well as scientists of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America. Additional training was provided to certified crop advisors in the region. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This project addresses nutrient flow through a production system beginning with livestock inputs and continuing through emissions from the livestock facility to through land application. Reducing nutrient excretion, while maintaining animal performance reduces nutrient loading into the environment. Application of swine effluent through subsurface irrigations improves environmental quality by reducing atmospheric emissions and transfer to water bodies while placing nutrients in the rooting zone thus maintaining crop production capacity in semi-arid agroecosystems.

Publications

  • Lachmann, M.B., S. D. Carter, T. Buhay, S. K. Jenkins, and Z. Marable. 2006. Influence of dietary manipulation on DM, N, and P excretion of pigs during an entire finishing period. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):94.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S. D. Carter, T. Buhay, S. K. Jenkins and Z. Marable. 2006. Influence of diet on macro- and micro-mineral excretion of pigs during an entire finishing period. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):94.
  • Bundy, J.W., S.D. Carter, M.L. Lachmann, S.K. Jenkins, and K.Z. Marable. 2007. Influence of dietary manipulation on DM, N, and P excretion of lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):114.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S.D. Carter, J. Bundy, S.K. Jenkins, and Z. Marable. 2007. Influence of dietary reductions in CP, P, and trace minerals on DM, N, P, and mineral excretion in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):157.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S. D. Carter, T. Buhay, S. K. Jenkins, J. S. Bundy, and Z. Marable. 2007. Effects of reduced dietary crude protein and P on DM, N, and P excretion of finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):74.
  • Silvano L. Abreu, Jeff A. Hattey, Clemn Turner, Chad Godsey, Jeff Edwards. 2008. Aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen storage in soils after eight years of swine effluent application and crop rotation In D.M. Endale (ed.) Proc. 30th So. Conserv. Agric. Syst. Conf. and 8th Ann. GA Conserv. Prod. Syst. Trng. Conf., Tifton, Georgia, July 29-31, 2008. [verified 6 March October 2009: http://www.ag.auburn.edu/auxiliary/nsdl/scasc .
  • Fultz, L. 2009. Nutrient Distribution Following Application of Swine Effluent Through A Subsurface Drip Irrigation System. Oklahoma State University, M.S. Thesis.


Progress 07/15/07 to 07/14/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Evaluation of effluent nutrient concentrations following subsurface irrigation in soil solution collected from lysimeters indicates that overall nutrient concentrations decreased with the exception of nitrate-N and Ca. This expected decrease to soil solution nutrient concentrations are due to soil sorption and plant uptake. Nitrification of effluent NH4-N accounts for the increases observed in NO3-N levels found in the soil solutions. Increased Ca concentrations likely resulted from the solubilization of Ca when water was added in these high calcium soils. Dietary modification diets for sows from four different lactation periods with reduced dietary CP and P were evaluated based on sow performance and DM, N, and P excretion. Prior to farrowing, sows were placed into one of two identical barns with shallow pit, pull-plug drainage systems. Each barn was randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments. No differences in sow and litter performance or ADFI were noted between treatments. Daily DM excreted was similar between treatments, but daily N excretion was reduced for sows fed the experimental diet. Likewise, daily P excretion was reduced with the experimental diet. Based on these results, the experimental diet did not affect sow performance, intake, or daily DM excretion. However, the results of this study suggest that feeding an experimental diet to lactating sows can reduce daily N and P excretion. In another study, crossbred pigs was used to determine the effects of soybean hull addition to a low excretion diet on pig performance and nutrient excretion during an entire finishing period. Pigs were housed in an environmentally-controlled building with four identical rooms, each with a shallow pit, pull-plug system. Pigs were a low nutrient excretion diet (LNE) with crystalline AA addition. Dietary treatment did not affect pig performance and daily DM intake was similar however slurry concentration and daily excretion of P and N was reduced for pigs fed LNE diet. In addition, ammonia emissions were reduced for pigs fed LNE indicating daily P and N excretion could be reduced by 29 and 28%, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: J. A. Hattey Shiping Deng Michael Kizer Scott Carter Art Stoecker TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
This project addresses nutrient flow through a production system beginning with livestock inputs and continuing through emissions from the livestock facility to through land application. Thus providing a model of nutrient flow between production systems: from the crop production system; through the livestock production system; to the neighboring ecosystem and eventual return to a cropping system. Animal performance can be maintained while reducing nutrient content in the diet therefore nutrients in the manure.

Publications

  • Bundy, J.W., 2007 Effects of Diet Modification During The Lactation And Finishing Periods On Performance And Nutrient Excretion For Swine Housed In Commercial Conditions. Oklahoma State University, M.S. Thesis.
  • Carter, S.D., M.B. Lachmann, and J.W. Bundy. 2008. Effects of dietary manipulation on ammonia emissions. In Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. p. 120-124. May 19-21, Des Moines, IA.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S.D. Carter, J.W. Bundy, S. Jenkins, T.A. Buhay, and Z. Marable. 2007. Effects of reductions in dietary crude protein on N excretion and ammonia emission from grower-finisher pigs. Presented at the 4th International Nitrogen Conference. Costa Do Sauipe, Bahia, Brasil, October 1-5. pp. 136.


Progress 07/15/06 to 07/14/07

Outputs
For 48 Yorkshire barrows, reduction of dietary CP and P (LPP) on DM, N, and P excretion during a 112-d finishing period did not affect dry matter production however it did result in a 5% reduction in N and 0.57% P for pigs fed a reduced LPP diet. However, final weight (108.3 kg) and DMI (1.86 kg/d) of the animals was not affected (P > 0.1). However, N (53 vs. 38 g/d) and P (9.3 vs. 7.1 g/d) intakes were reduced (P < 0.01) for pigs fed LPP. Daily DM excreted was similar (P > 0.01) between diets (274 vs. 269 g/d). Pigs fed LPP had a marked decrease in the amount of N and P excreted (P < 0.05) of N (34.7 vs. 20.6 g/d) and P (6.8 vs. 5.1g/d) respectively. Excretion (% of intake) was similar (P > 0.10) for DM (14.5%) and P (72%), but N tended to be reduced (P < 0.10) for pigs fed LPP (65 vs. 53%). For pigs fed LPP, cumulative N and P excreted for the entire 112-d period tended to be reduced (P < 0.10) by 1.59 and 0.139 kg/pig. Based on these results, a reduced crude protein and P diet lowered daily and total N and P excreted by 40 and 25%, respectively, during a 112-day finishing period. For second set of 48 Yorkshire barrows allotted randomly to two dietary treatments, the control diet consisting of fortified corn-soybean meal diet and the with a reduction of 4% units and 0.10% units for crude protein and P respectfully. Although mineral intake, in some instances, was reduced for pigs fed LPP, daily mineral excretion was not affected (P > 0.10) by diet, with the exception of K and Mn, which tended to be reduced (P < 0.10) by LPP. These results suggest that the diets employed had little effect on mineral excretion over the course of a 112-d period. In addition, a total of 58 sows were used during three different lactation periods to determine the effects of reducing dietary CP and P on sow performance and DM, N, and P excretion. All feed and water intake was recorded weekly and pit volume, pH, and electrical conductivity were measured prior to weekly pit sampling and draining. The pits were refilled with water at the beginning of each week and the beginning volume was measured. Feed and pit samples were collected for DM, N, and P analysis. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in pH and electrical conductivity of the slurry for sows fed the two diets. Also, no differences (P > 0.10) in sow weight change, number born alive, number weaned, litter weight, ADFI, or DM, N, and P intake were noted between treatments. Daily DM excreted (g/sow) was similar (P > 0.10) between treatments, but daily N excretion was reduced (P < 0.05) for sows fed the LPP diet. Likewise, daily P excretion tended to be reduced (P < 0.10) with the LPP diet. Based on these results, the LPP diet did not affect sow performance, intake, or daily DM excretion. However, the results of this study suggest that feeding an LPP diet to lactating sows can reduce daily N and P excretion.

Impacts
This project addresses nutrient flow through a production system beginning with livestock inputs and continuing through emissions from the livestock facility to through land application. Thus providing a model of nutrient flow between production systems: from the crop production system; through the livestock production system; to the neighboring ecosystem and eventual return to a cropping system. Animal performance can be maintained while reducing nutrient content in the diet therefore nutrients in the manure.

Publications

  • Bundy, J.W., S.D. Carter, M.L. Lachmann, S.K. Jenkins, and K.Z. Marable. 2007. Influence of dietary manipulation on DM, N, and P excretion of lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):114.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S.D. Carter, J. Bundy, S.K. Jenkins, and Z. Marable. 2007. Influence of dietary reductions in CP, P, and trace minerals on DM, N, P, and mineral excretion in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):157.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S. D. Carter, T. Buhay, S. K. Jenkins, J. S. Bundy, and Z. Marable. 2007. Effects of reduced dietary crude protein and P on DM, N, and P excretion of finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):74.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S. D. Carter, T. Buhay, S. K. Jenkins, and Z. Marable. 2006. Influence of dietary manipulation on DM, N, and P excretion of pigs during an entire finishing period. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):94.
  • Lachmann, M.B., S. D. Carter, T. Buhay, S. K. Jenkins and Z. Marable. 2006. Influence of diet on macro- and micro-mineral excretion of pigs during an entire finishing period. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):94.