Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The Alaskan fishing industry produces over one million metric tons of by- product and waste annually. This material has potential value as a protein and natural products source but is only minimally used. This study seeks to document and characterize the various sources and existing secondary products and to develop new and higher value materials for feed ingredients for animal (agriculture and aquatic) feed. Currently almost all of the fishery waste from large processors is converted to low value, high ash meal for sale abroad. Meal production is considered a cost of doing business and has not yet become recognized as a significant source of revenue. Much of the waste from smaller processors is disposed using the grind and dump method. Recent regulatory changes requiring 100 % utilization of cod
and pollock make the development of best-use end products urgent. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. There are currently no official milestones pending OSQR review of the proposed project plan. Milestones from previous annual reports are listed: A. Identify supply and availability of existing raw by-products of processing in Alaska's Seafood Industry (whitefish, salmon). B. Evaluate processes for making higher quality (value) secondary products (fish meal, stickwater, oil and bone), from seafood by-products. C. Characterize physical, chemical and nutritional properties of existing secondary products as ingredients for animal feeds and other agricultural and aquaculture products. D. Identify, characterize and prioritize potential applications for existing fish by-products and/or innovative hydrolysate products (gonadal hydrolysates, fractionated fish oil, carotenoid pigments) as ingredients for animal feeds and other agricultural and aquaculture
products. E. Modify processes to optimize the quality of secondary products for use in feeds and to increase production to demonstration scale. F. Develop innovative ecosystem based aquaculture processes to better utilize fish by-products G. Document market specifications for secondary products from fish processing by- products (pesticides, PCBs, etc.) H. Assess economic viability and impact of new technologies for producing and utilizing innovative secondary products and feeds I. Extend feeding trials to marketability of fish raised of by-products for final feeding and extension of plant based feed J. Develop educational and information transfer programs and demonstrate technologies to the Alaskan Seafood Industry, as well as other stakeholders and partners. 3. Milestones: a. List the milestones (from the list in Question #2) that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or
substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. The following are from the Year 5 Research Plan and all milestones under FY 2004 were addressed and are listed below: D. 1. The goal was to develop and chemical characterize specific secondary products derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the by-products of fish processing for application in feeds and fertilizers. The Fishery Industrial Research Center (FITC), in coordination with the University of Idaho (UI), had a series of hydrolysates made by Bio-Oregon from Alaska raw materials. UI is evaluating these ultra-low ash fish meal in aquaculture feeds. Fertilizer were also obtained from Bio-Oregon and shipped to the island of Hawaii, where work has commenced and a report will be made by the termination of the project. 2. The goal was to develop and chemical characterize stickwater enhanced fish meals for application in aquaculture feeds. FITC made pollock stickwater augmented (0, 10, 20, and 40% protein/protein
substituted) fish meals. These meals were shipped to The Oceanic Institute (OI) and growth trials were conducted with the stickwater enhanced fish meals in diets for fish and shrimp. Data is being collated and final report is being written. 3. The goal was to characterize seasonal and species specific changes in stickwater, derived from the by-products of fish processing, for application as an appetite enhancer in feeds. Scientists concluded that drying stickwater that was not enzymatically digested to a powder is not cost effective at this time. Except for the freeze-dried material, all processes failed; the end products were either burned or severely caramelized. Freeze-dried pollock stickwater was produced; however, the red salmon stickwater was not satisfactory due to logistics issues surrounding its manufacture. Currently pink salmon are being used to make the dried stickwater from that source. We are delaying the shipment of these products for nutritional testing until we can
forward all experimental materials at the same time. The Oceanic Institute will analyze the attractant properties of all stickwater samples by season and species, and currently the attractant properties for shrimp of one freeze dried sample is being determined. 4. A wide range of species specific and season specific fish meals made in Alaska have been characterized and subject to nutritional testing. In addition in collaboration with USDA/ARS, we have made protein meals from a variety of specific organs derived from the byproducts of seafood processing. As these meals have been characterized they have been sent to the OI and UI for nutritional testing. Initial growth trials at OI have been completed and preliminary sensory evaluation conducted. Optimization growth trials were initiated; however, the tanks proved unsuitable for these fish and there was a need to restart the trial with appropriate tanks. 5. Chemical analysis of fish oils for C20:1w11 & C22:1w11 fatty acids has been
completed and enrichment experiments are underway. The Oceanic Institute will evaluate the enriched oils in shrimp growth trials, and UI will conduct fish feeding/photoperiod studies. E. 1. Hydrolysates have been made from the by-products of seafood processing for use as for aquacultural feed ingredients and fertilizers. Hydrolysates have been made by Bio-Oregon Inc. from spring pollock, red salmon, pink salmon and fall pollock, and flatfish by-products. Shrimp growth trials have been completed and attractant trials are in progress. Trout feeding trial designed to maintain levels of anabolic steroids that are naturally present in fish meal when portions of fish meal are replaced with soybean and corn gluten meals have been initiated. In addition, growth trials were completed using early-weaned piglets in which fish hydrolysate meals replaced part of the porcine plasma protein. Meals were made from salmon testes by first cooking the tissue and then drying in a vacuum evaporator.
Analysis of pollock viscera, salmon head meal and salmon gonad meal for testosterone levels were completed. A feeding trial designed to maintain levels of anabolic steroids that are naturally present in fish meal when portions of fish meal are replaced with soybean and corn gluten meals has been initiated. 2. The goal was to optimizing use and value of Alaskan seafood by- product fish oil to enhance omega-3 fatty acid levels of farmed fish. Pollock, and rockfish oils have been collected and characterized and we are waiting the pink salmon season to complete collection and characterization of early season and late season salmon oils. UI will examine these oils in fish feeding/photoperiod studies, and OI will examine their use in shrimp growth trials. 3. Fish protein chemistry and nutritional characteristics The physical, nutritional, thermal, and rheological properties of five different batches of Alaska white fish meals were evaluated. Physical and nutritional properties of the fish
meals were found to be relatively consistent. Fish meal, fish bone meal and fillet meal protein are being produced in order to compare their value in both fish and shrimp growth trials. Both the fish meal and fillet meal have been manufactured, and several experiments were conducted to hydrolyze bone protein and recover it from bone meal. Alcalase is being used to digest the bone proteins and the aqueous fraction produced will be dried on a laboratory scale drum dryer. F. The goal was to develop innovative ecosystem based aquaculture processes to better utilize fish by-product. A trial to evaluate the role of particulate matter in shrimp culture is completed and data analysis is in progress. Another trial to evaluate the role of pond algae vs bacteria and detritus in shrimp culture has been completed and is being analyzed. And the trial to evaluate direct uptake and assimilation of ammonium from seawater has been completed. I. Assess product quality and consumer acceptance of fish
fed Alaska by- products. A consumer acceptance trial is scheduled to follow completion of the current feeding trials that utilize high steroid ingredients. J. Develop educational and information transfer programs and demonstrate technologies to the Alaskan Seafood Industry, as well as other stakeholders and partners. Educational and information materials about the byproduct utilization program have been prepared for use by University of Alaska Marine Advisory Agents when working with the Alaska fishing industry. In conjunction with this activity stakeholders are being surveyed, and new demonstration projects are being identified. B. List the milestones (from the list in Question #2) that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, & 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? This project will be terminated and the new milestones are listed in under 5341-31410-002-00 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? A. Soybean meal is a major dietary constituent of farmed fish diets, but problems with palatability limit its use. Scientists in the Subarctic Agriculture Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK, in collaboration with the University of Idaho, developed food formulation with fish hydrolysates in combination with soybean meal that enhanced the palatability of rainbow trout diets. Research provided a solution for soybean based palatability, and seeks to identify specific properties or constituents of fish hydrolysate that are responsible for enhancing palatability. Research should lead to the development of high-value products from Alaskan fish processing waste for future use in plant protein-based diets for many carnivorous species of farmed fish, and increase economic returns to seafood processors in Alaska. B. Utilization of Alaskan fish waste, particularly fish testes, is critical for the Alaskan Fish Industry. Scientists in the Subarctic Agricultural Research
Unit, Fairbanks, AK produced fish testes meal at the pilot plant level and carried out its characterization. It was found that steroids, both anabolic and reproductive, were present in significant quantities in these meals. The testes meal could serve to stimulate the immune system in cultured salmonids. Research would lead to healthier fish with improved resistance to mircobial infections. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) is an important characteristic of fish protein hydrolysates because it influences peptide length, nutritional properties and other peptide characteristics. Scientists in the Subarctic Agicultural Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK evaluated the hydrolysis of salmon heads by different enzymes and determine the effect of different enzymes on percent oil recovery. The degree of hydrolysis of red salmon heads after 75 minutes of hydrolysis, ranged from, 16.1 to 6.4 % with the two highest values recorded for Neutrase and Alcalase. Recovery of oil from the red salmon heads ranged
from 5.5 to 10.6 % and was affected by both incubation time and enzyme type. This study showed that different enzymes as well as the length of incubation influenced both the DH values and oil yield from red salmon heads. Replacement of traditional fish meals, which are often imported with fish meals made from by products of the Alaska fish processing industry, will enhance Alaskan economy. Scientists in the Subarctic Agricultural Research Units, Fairbanks, AK found that the nutritional quality of Alaska fish meal for Longfin amberjack was high in two growth trials. The growth and survival of the fish fed the diet containing the Alaska meal was similar to those fed the commercial feed and the liver lipid levels were lower in the Alaska fish meal feed than in those fed the commercial feed. The information generated from this work could be instrumental in persuading aquatic feed manufacturers to utilize fishwaste from Alaska in fish diets. Impact of diet on the flavor and texture of fish
is critical. Scientists in the Subarctic Agricultureal Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK conducted a preliminary trial to establish baseline information on flavor and texture attributes of market size (4-6 kg) amberjack reared on two diets, a commercial feed (50% protein and 14% lipid), and an experimental feed prepared at Oceanic Institute with similar composition that used Alaska fishery by-products as the principal ingredient. Cooked amberjack fillet were presented to a trained sensory panel at the University of Hawaii, Manoa for evaluation of appearance, texture and flavor qualities. Overall, the amberjack fillets had an attractive appearance and were moderate in all textural and flavor attributes, and no significant differences (P>0. 05%) were found in fish texture and flavor between the fish reared on the two diets. These results can serve as a basis for designing appropriate and cost-effective feeds for amberjack that can deliver consumer-approved product quality. There is need to
optimize the use of Alaskan fishery by-product meal in shrimp diets and examine the functional and contributory roles of the bacterial and phytoplankton components in shrimp culture systems. Scientists in the Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK examined the shrimp nitrogen assimilation via bacterial and algal pathways by either removing or separately examining bacterial and algal pathways using stable isotope tracers. The mass spectrometry of the shrimp carcasses and chemical analysis of the culture water are pending, however, by contrasting the incorporation pattern from the feeds with and without the microbial components, it was possible to better define the relative roles of the feed and the microflora. Research will improve the use of fishery by-products in an environmentally and economically sound manner. Efforts are needed to utilize Alaskan fish waste in animal diets as a substitute for imported or expensive diets. Scientists in the Subarctic Agricultural
Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK carried out feeding trials with early-weaned piglets in which fish hydrolysate meals replaced porcine plasma protein. Studies demonstrated that partially-hydrolyzed fish protein from Alaska seafood waste could partially replace porcine plasma protein, worth between $1500 and $2500 per ton, in diets for early-weaned pigs. Research will provide economic return to Alaskan seafood processors. C. Significant activities that support special target populations. FITC is engaged in a project with the School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Juneau Center to evaluate how well specific feed formulations, coupled with lowered water temperature can affect growth rates in salmon smolts being cultured in the Private Non-Profit hatchery system in Alaska. This is funded through another source. D. Progress report. No current subordinate projects 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The analytical,
nutritional, and physiochemical capabilities of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the University of Idaho and the Oceanic Institute were upgraded and each institute was assigned primary research responsibilities. The addition of stickwater to presscake was demonstrated to improve the nutritional quality of whitefish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry for rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and Pacific white shrimp. Selected fish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry were found not to contain detectable levels of pesticides and PCBs. Alaskan fish meal, made under standard conditions from the byproducts of food processing, are as good as or better nutritionally than the best meals currently available to aquaculturists. We are developing an array of production options to convert seafood waste into various products, at varying costs and with varying values to the producer. These products are designed for use in aquaculture and
agriculture. We are also in communication with various segments of the Alaskan seafood industry (harvesters, land-based and at-sea processors, municipalities, state agencies), informing them of the results of our work towards making the highest and best use of their seafood waste. The information we develop will significantly contribute to higher recovery and utilization of landed catch of Alaskan fish, and increase the economic return to the seafood industry. Our chemical characterizations, coupled with the nutritional characterizations of these fish meals, will document the efficacy of Alaskan fish meals compared to meals made from whole industrial fish, and also contribute to the development of higher value proteins from components of the fish processing byproduct waste stream. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Use of low-ash fish meal from Alaskan seafood processing waste is now being produced by BioOregon and successfully marketed to the US trout feed manufacturing industry for use in low-pollution trout feeds (Clear Springs Foods, Inc., purchases this product). The importance of fish solubles derived from stickwater or the inclusion of stickwater (which is often discarded at present) in improving nutritional quality of fish meal has been disseminated to industry. The high nutritional quality of Alaskan whitefish meals and salmon meals, established using scientific research trials in rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and shrimp, has been disseminated to industry. The chemical characterization of the meals and oils derived from hydrolysates made from whitefish and salmon has been disseminated to industry. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and
articles written about your work. Presentations, Articles, Proceedings Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., Bechtel, P.J., Hardy, R.W. and Forster, I. 2004. Evaluation of new technologies for producing feed ingredients from fish byproducts. Proceedings of World Aquaculture Society 'Aquaculture 2004' March 1-4, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, page 38. Forster, I., W. Dominy, S. Smiley, P. Bechtel, R. Hardy and J. Babbitt. Recent advances in utilization of fish byproducts in aquaculture feeds. Presented at the annual meeting of the World Aquaculture Society. Honolulu, Hawaii, 2-5 March 2004. Hardy, R.W. 2003. Seafood Processing By-product Conference. Aquaculture Magazine 22(1): 59-62. Obaldo, L.G., A.R. Kamarei, and A.S. Huang. 2004. OI trial: sensory qualities of aquacultured amberjack. Global Aquaculture Advocate 7(1): 21-22. Patterson, M., Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K, and Crapo, C. Properties of soluble and insoluble protein from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias). IFT 2004
annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S. Properties of Pollock oils. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., and Negulescu, I. Properties of Alaska white fish meal from Pollock and cod fish processing byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., and Negulescu, I. Properties of insoluble protein powders from Pollock byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S., Smiley, S., and Bechtel, P.J. Effect of different enzymes on degree of fish protein hydrolysis and oil yield. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Smiley, S., & Smoker W. 2004. Ocean ranching: update on Alaska's salmon Aquaculture. World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, March 2004. Smiley, S., 2004. Research Needs of
Alaskan Coastal Communities. ComFish Research Forum, March 2004. Smiley, S., 2003. Applied Fisheries Research in Alaska. Annual Meeting, Alaska State Chambers of Commerce. Kodiak, AK. October 2003. Oliveira ACM and Bechtel, PJ. 2004. Characterization of liver lipids from Alaska fish species. Full manuscript accepted for publication at the Proceedings from West European Fishery Technologist Annual Meeting. (In Press). Smiley, S., J.K. Babbitt, S. Divakaran, I. Forster, and A. de Oliveira. 2003. Analysis of groundfish meals made in Alaska. In: Advances in Seafood Byproducts, Proceedings of the 2nd International Seafood Byproduct Conference, November 2002, Anchorage. P.J. Bechtel, editor. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks (AK-SG- 03-01). pp. 431-454. Scientific Publications Forster, I., J. Babbitt, and S. Smiley. 2004. Nutritional quality of fish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fishing industry in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 13:115-123. Li, P., Wang, X., Hardy, R.W. and Gatlin III, D.M. 2004. Nutritional value of fisheries by-catch and by-product meal in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 236: 485-496. Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K, Prinyawiwatkul, W., Negulescu, I. Reppond, K.D. 2004. Properties of protein powders from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and herring (Clupea harengus) byproduct. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52: 5040-5046. Awards Patterson, M. Developing arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) protein powder mayonnaise. IFT 2004 Undergraduate research paper competition. Finalist. Advisor. Dr. Subramaniam Sathivel.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
Progress 09/30/99 to 09/29/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The Alaskan fishing industry produces over one million metric tons of by- product and waste annually. This material has potential value as a protein and natural products source but is underutilized. This study seeks to document and characterize the various sources and existing secondary products and to develop new and higher value materials for feed ingredients for animal (agriculture and aquatic) feed. Currently almost all of the fishery waste from large processors is converted to low value, high ash meal for sale abroad. Meal production is considered a cost of doing business and has not yet become recognized as a significant source of revenue. Much of the waste from smaller processors is disposed using the grind and dump method. Recent regulatory changes requiring 100 % utilization of cod and pollock
make the development of best-use end products urgent. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. 1. Identify supply and availability of existing raw by-products of processing in Alaskas Seafood Industry (whitefish, salmon). 2. Evaluate processes for making higher quality (value) secondary products (fish meal, stickwater, oil and bone), from seafood by-products. 3. Characterize physical, chemical and nutritional properties of existing secondary products as ingredients for animal feeds and other agricultural and aquaculture products. 4. Identify, characterize and prioritize potential applications for existing fish by-products and/or innovative hydrolysate products (gonadal hydrolysates, fractionated fish oil, carotenoid pigments) as ingredients for animal feeds and other agricultural and aquaculture products. 5. Modify processes to optimize the quality of secondary products for use in feeds and to increase production to demonstration scale. 6. Develop
innovative ecosystem based aquaculture processes to better utilize fish by-products 7. Document market specifications for secondary products from fish processing by- products (pesticides, PCBs, etc.) 8. Assess economic viability and impact of new technologies for producing and utilizing innovative secondary products and feeds 9. Extend feeding trials to marketability of fish raised of by-products for final feeding and extension of plant based feed 10. Develop educational and information transfer programs and demonstrate technologies to the Alaskan Seafood Industry, as well as other stakeholders and partners. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 4. 1. The goal was to develop and chemically characterize specific secondary products derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the by-products of fish processing for application in feeds and fertilizers. The
Fishery Industrial Technology Center (FITC), in coordination with the University of Idaho (UI), had a series of hydrolysates made by Bio-Oregon from Alaska raw materials. UI is evaluating these ultra-low ash fish meals in aquaculture feeds. 2. The goal was to develop and chemically characterize stickwater enhanced fish meals for application in aquaculture feeds. FITC made pollock stickwater augmented (0, 10, 20, and 40% protein/protein substituted) fish meals. These meals were shipped to The Oceanic Institute (OI) and growth trials were conducted with the stickwater enhanced fish meals in diets for fish and shrimp. Data are being collated for publication. 3. The goal was to characterize seasonal and species specific changes in stickwater, derived from the by-products of fish processing, for application as an appetite enhancer in feeds. Scientists concluded that drying stickwater that was not enzymatically digested to a powder was not cost effective on an industrial scale. Except for
the freeze-dried material, all processes failed; the end products were either burned or severely caramelized. Freeze-dried pollock stickwater was produced from white fish and pink salmon and the attractant properties for shrimp determined. 4. Chemical analyses and nutritional evaluations have been completed on fish meals made in Alaska from different species and during different seasons. In addition, protein meals from a variety of specific organs derived from the fish processing byproducts have been evaluated in collaborative with other scientist. 5. Chemical analysis of fish oils from the by-products of different species has been completed. The Oceanic Institute is evaluating the enriched oils in shrimp growth trials, and UI is conducting fish feeding studies. Enrichment experiments to enhance levels of selected fatty acids are being conducted. Milestone Fully Met 5. 1. Hydrolysates have been made from the by-products of seafood processing for use as aquacultural feed ingredients
and fertilizers. Hydrolysates have been made by Bio-Oregon Inc. from spring pollock, red salmon, pink salmon and fall pollock, and flatfish by-products. Shrimp growth trials and attractant trials have been completed. A preliminary trout feeding trial designed to maintain levels of anabolic steroids that are naturally present in fish meal when portions of fish meal are replaced has been completed. Analyses of pollock viscera, salmon-head meal and salmon-gonad meal for testosterone levels were completed. A feeding trial designed to maintain levels of anabolic steroids that are naturally present in fish meal when portions of fish meal are replaced with soybean and corn gluten meals was completed. 2. The goal was to optimize use and value of Alaskan seafood by-product fish oil to enhance omega-3 fatty acid levels of farmed fish. The collection and characterization of Pollock, rockfish, red salmon and pink salmon oils were completed and oils are being examined in fish feeding/photoperiod
studies, and in shrimp growth trials. 3. The physical, nutritional, thermal, and rheological properties of five different batches of Alaska white fish meals and Alaska salmon meals were evaluated. Physical and nutritional properties of the fish meals were found to be relatively consistent. Both the fish meal and fillet meal have been manufactured. A protein enriched bone meal and stick water protein are being produced using a new laboratory scale drum dryer. These products are being produced in order to compare their value in both fish and shrimp growth trials. Milestone Fully Met 6. The goal was to develop innovative ecosystem based aquaculture processes to better utilize fish by-products. Trials have been completed to evaluate the role of particulate matter in shrimp culture, to evaluate the role of pond algae vs bacteria and detritus in shrimp culture and to evaluate direct uptake and assimilation of ammonium from seawater. Milestone Fully Met 9. A study was completed using
aquaculture amberjack to assess nutritional properties and product quality. Milestone Fully Met 10. Develop educational and information transfer programs and demonstrate technologies to the Alaskan Seafood Industry, as well as other stakeholders and partners. Educational and information materials about the byproduct utilization program have been prepared for use by University of Alaska Marine Advisory Agents when working with the Alaska fishing industry. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? This project has been terminated and milestones for the new project are listed under 5341-31410-002-00 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Soybean meal is likely to be a major dietary constituent of farmed fish diets in the future, but problems including palatability limit its use. A team of
University of Alaska, ARS, University of Idaho, and the Oceanic Institute scientist have evaluated using hydrolysates to increase the palatability of aquaculture diets. A series of hydrolysates from Alaska fish processing by-products have been produced and tested in trout and shrimp diets. Results indicate that palatability problems of plant based protein aquaculture diets can be partially overcome using a small amount of fish hydrolysate protein in the diet. These results should lead to development of high-value products from Alaskan fish processing waste for future use in plant protein-based diets for many carnivorous species of farmed fish, and increase economic returns to seafood processors in Alaska. 4d Progress report. No current subordinate projects 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. A. The analytical, nutritional, and physiochemical capabilities of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the University
of Idaho and the Oceanic Institute were upgraded and each institute was assigned primary research responsibilities. B. The addition of stickwater to presscake was demonstrated to improve the nutritional quality of whitefish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry for rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and Pacific white shrimp. C. Selected fish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry were found not to contain detectable levels of pesticides and PCBs. D. Alaskan fish meal, made under standard conditions from the byproducts of seafood processing, are as good as or better nutritionally than the best meals currently available to aquaculturists. E. We are continuing to develop an array of production options to convert seafood waste into various products, at varying costs and with varying values to the producer. These products are designed for use in aquaculture and agriculture. We are also in communication with various segments of the
Alaskan seafood industry (harvesters, land-based and at- sea processors, municipalities, state agencies), informing them of the results of our work towards making the highest and best use of their seafood waste. The information we develop will significantly contribute to higher recovery and utilization of landed catch of Alaskan fish, and increase the economic return to the seafood industry. Our chemical characterizations, coupled with the nutritional characterizations of these fish meals, will document the efficacy of Alaskan fish meals compared to meals made from whole industrial fish, and also contribute to the development of higher value proteins from components of the fish processing byproduct waste stream. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology
products? Use of low-ash fish meal from Alaskan seafood processing waste is now being produced by BioOregon and successfully marketed to the US trout feed manufacturing industry for use in low-pollution trout feeds (Clear Springs Foods, Inc., purchases this product). The importance of fish solubles derived from stickwater or the inclusion of stickwater (which is often discarded at present) in the nutritional quality of fish meal has been disseminated to the industry. The high nutritional quality of Alaskan whitefish meals and salmon meals, established using scientific research trials in rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and shrimp, has been disseminated to industry. The chemical characterization of the meals and oils derived from hydrolysates made from whitefish and salmon has been disseminated to industry. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications
below). Presentations, Articles, Proceedings (from 2004) Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., Bechtel, P.J., Hardy, R.W. and Forster, I. 2004. Evaluation of new technologies for producing feed ingredients from fish byproducts. Proceedings of World Aquaculture Society Aquaculture 2004 March 1-4, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, page 38. Forster, I., W. Dominy, S. Smiley, P. Bechtel, R. Hardy and J. Babbitt. Recent advances in utilization of fish byproducts in aquaculture feeds. Presented at the annual meeting of the World Aquaculture Society. Honolulu, Hawaii, 2-5 March 2004. Hardy, R.W. 2003. Seafood Processing By-product Conference. Aquaculture Magazine 22(1): 59-62. Obaldo, L.G., A.R. Kamarei, and A.S. Huang. 2004. OI trial: sensory qualities of aquacultured amberjack. Global Aquaculture Advocate 7(1): 21-22. Patterson, M., Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K, and Crapo, C. Properties of soluble and insoluble protein from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias). IFT 2004 annual meeting,
Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S. Properties of Pollock oils. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., and Negulescu, I. Properties of Alaska white fish meal from Pollock and cod fish processing byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., and Negulescu, I. Properties of insoluble protein powders from Pollock byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sathivel, S., Smiley, S., and Bechtel, P.J. Effect of different enzymes on degree of fish protein hydrolysis and oil yield. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Smiley, S., & Smoker W. 2004. Ocean ranching: update on Alaskas salmon Aquaculture. World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, March 2004. Smiley, S., 2004. Research Needs of Alaskan Coastal
Communities. ComFish Research Forum, March 2004. Smiley, S., 2003. Applied Fisheries Research in Alaska. Annual Meeting, Alaska State Chambers of Commerce. Kodiak, AK. October 2003. Oliveira ACM and Bechtel, PJ. 2004. Characterization of liver lipids from Alaska fish species. Full manuscript accepted for publication at the Proceedings from West European Fishery Technologist Annual Meeting. (In Press). Smiley, S., J.K. Babbitt, S. Divakaran, I. Forster, and A. de Oliveira. 2003. Analysis of groundfish meals made in Alaska. In: Advances in Seafood Byproducts, Proceedings of the 2nd International Seafood Byproduct Conference, November 2002, Anchorage. P.J. Bechtel, editor. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks (AK-SG- 03-01). pp. 431-454. Scientific Publications (from 2004) Forster, I., J. Babbitt, and S. Smiley. 2004. Nutritional quality of fish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fishing industry in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 13:115-123. Li, P., Wang, X., Hardy, R.W. and Gatlin III, D.M. 2004. Nutritional value of fisheries by-catch and by-product meal in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 236: 485-496. Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K, Prinyawiwatkul, W., Negulescu, I. Reppond, K.D. 2004. Properties of protein powders from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and herring (Clupea harengus) byproduct. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52: 5040-5046. Awards (from 2004) Patterson, M. Developing arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) protein powder mayonnaise. IFT 2004 Undergraduate research paper competition. Finalist. Advisor. Dr. Subramaniam Sathivel.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|