Source: PURDUE UNIVERSITY submitted to
HEALTH-RELATED IMPACTS OF NUTRITION AND EXERCISE ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0186942
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
IND030463
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2010
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2015
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Campbell, W. W.
Recipient Organization
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
WEST LAFAYETTE,IN 47907
Performing Department
Nutrition Science
Non Technical Summary
Prof. Camapbell's research is important because older and elderly people are the fastest growing segments of our population and they are at increased risk of morbidities and premature mortality due to diet and lifestyle-related behaviors that promote excess body weight and obesity, along with reduced skeletal muscle and sarcopenia. In addition, the dietary protein needs of older and elderly people are not known with confidence and emerging research suggests the habitual consumption of protein intakes at or moderately below the recommended dietary allowance, which 25-40% of older and elderly people consume, may contribute to sarcopenia and frailty. The outcomes and impacts of the three planned research projects are as follows Objective 1: : Influences of whey protein on body composition, glucose metabolism, and appetite in middle-aged adults at risk for the metabolic syndrome This study will examine the effectiveness of whey protein supplementation, under free-feeding conditions and in conjunction with resistance and aerobic exercise training, to positively change body composition, glucose metabolism, appetite, and clinical markers of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adults. It is hypothesized that compared to a non-protein supplement, the consumption of an iso-caloric whey protein supplement will promote increased fat-free mass and decreased fat mass; improved glucose metabolism; lower appetitive responses; greater dietary compensation; and reduced risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Collectively, the results of this study will provide important and novel information about the benefits of whey to provide high-quality protein that positively influences the body composition and health profiles of middle-aged overweight and obese persons. Objective 2: Increased protein intakes from predominantly meat- versus soy protein/pulses-based foods: Effects on daily and postprandial appetite during energy restriction-induced weight loss The objectives are to assess the effects of dietary protein intakes across the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of protein (10%, 20%, and 30% of energy intake) with lean beef/pork or soy/pulses as the predominant sources of protein during energy-restriction-induced weight loss in overweight adults. The outcomes of interest are daily appetite and postprandial appetite, energy expenditure, and postprandial glycemic response. Findings from this research will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of consuming lean beef and pork products to promote satiety during weight loss. The novel comparison of beef and pork against soy/pulses will provide a foundation for new initiatives to understand the unique benefits of using these higher-protein foods for satiety during weight loss. Objective 3: Assessment of the dietary protein requirements of elderly humans: a pilot study using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dietary protein needs of octogenarian women. This will be the first study to do so. The findings will establish a foundation to improve the understanding of how much protein this group of women should consume.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
50%
Applied
50%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
70250101010100%
Knowledge Area
702 - Requirements and Function of Nutrients and Other Food Components;

Subject Of Investigation
5010 - Food;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;
Goals / Objectives
Objectives: Prof. Campbell has long-standing interests in nutrition, exercise, and aging. For this five-year research plan, Dr. Campbell will focus on macronutrient and energy metabolism, regulation of body weight, body composition, and muscle strength and size of people across the life span. Projects will include documenting the metabolic, physiological, and appetitive impact of acute and chronic responses to varying dietary protein intakes; assessing the efficacy of diet and exercise-based interventions on body weight, body composition, appetite, lipid-lipoprotein profile, and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. Pilot research to assess the dietary protein needs of elderly adults will also be conducted. Collectively, these projects are important because older and elderly people are the fastest growing segments of our population and they are at increased risk of morbidities and premature mortality due to diet and lifestyle-related behaviors that promote excess body weight and obesity, along with reduced skeletal muscle and sarcopenia. In addition, the dietary protein needs of older and elderly people are not known with confidence and emerging research suggests the habitual consumption of protein intakes at or moderately below the recommended dietary allowance, which 25-40% of older and elderly people consume, may contribute to sarcopenia and frailty. The specific objectives Prof. Campbell will accomplish are as follows: Objective 1: To assess the influences of whey protein on body composition, glucose metabolism, and appetite in middle-aged adults at risk for the metabolic syndrome. Findings from this study will improve our understanding of possible morphologic, metabolic, and health-related benefits (or detriments) of using whey protein to increase total protein intakes for middle-aged, overweight adults. Objective 2: To assess the effects of increased protein intakes from predominantly meat- versus soy protein/pulses-based foods on daily and postprandial appetite during energy restriction-induced weight loss. Findings from this study will provide an improved foundation to recommend sources and quantities of protein to facilitate achieving successful weight loss. Objective 3: To assess the dietary protein requirements of elderly humans using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. This study will assess the feasibility of using a minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique to estimate the protein requirement of elderly women (age 80 years and older). This is an important study because the protein needs of elderly adults are not known with confidence; the current criterion of nitrogen balance is not readily applicable to this population; and alternative assessment methods need to be developed.
Project Methods
Approach Objective 1: Influences of whey protein on body composition, glucose metabolism, and appetite in middle-aged adults at risk for the metabolic syndrome. This study will use a double-blind, placebo-controlled, community-based nine-month longitudinal experimental design. Two hundred and forty-four middle-aged, overweight and moderately obese men and women will be assigned to groups that consume one of four isocaloric supplements: 1) 0 grams/day whey protein, placebo control; 2) 20 g/d whey protein (lower protein group); 40 g/d whey protein (moderate protein group); 60 g/day whey protein (higher protein group). All subjects will participate in dynamic resistance and aerobic exercise training throughout the 36-week intervention. The following outcomes will be measured before, during, and at the end of the study: body weight, body composition, dietary intakes, daily perceptions of appetite. Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism, physical fitness, and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health. Objective 2: Increased protein intakes from predominantly meat- versus soy protein/pulses-based foods: Effects on daily and postprandial appetite during energy restriction-induced weight loss. This study will use a 14-week 3-trial randomized cross-over design (2-week baseline and 3 (randomized) 4-week trials of an energy restriction diet, 750 kcal/day below the subject's need for weight maintenance) in overweight and moderately obese subjects that will be randomized to one of two groups that consume protein predominantly from beef/pork or soy/pulses foods. Subjects will be randomly assigned to either the lean beef/pork (n=18) or soy/pulses (n=18) group. Each subject will consume, in random order, a diet that contains 10%, 20%, or 30% of their energy intake from protein, with lean beef/pork or soy/pulses whole food products as the predominant protein sources. These parameters will be assessed at baseline and/or during days 25-28 of each of the three 4-week trials of energy restriction. daily appetite; postprandial appetite, energy expenditure, plasma glucose and plasma insulin responses. Objective 3: Assessment of the dietary protein requirements of elderly humans: a pilot study using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Based on the minimally invasive IAAO technique, each subject will complete seven testing days over a 3-month period of time. Ten women aged 80 years or older will be recruited. On each testing day, they will randomly receive 1 of 7 dietary protein intakes (0.10, 0.30, 0.60, 0.90. 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 gram protein per kg body weight per day) as a crystalline amino acid mixture. The study day diet will be consumed as 8 isocaloric hourly meals, each meal representing one-twelfth of the subject's total daily energy requirement. In conjunction with the 5th to 8th meals of the day, the subject will orally consume hourly tracer quantities of the stable isotope L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. Breath and urine sample will be collected to measure isotopic enrichment. CO2 production will also be measured using indirect calorimetry. Isotopic enrichment and CO2 production will be used to calculate tracer oxidation.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include nutrition and allied health scientists and professionals who were reached through peer-reviewed publications and presentation of findings at local and national scientific meetings. Undergraduate and graduate students were another target audience through their training and work to accomplish and publish the research. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The research projects described above afforded the opportunity to train 7 PhD students, 4 undergraduate research students, and 1 post-doctoral research scientist. Collectively, their experiences encompassed all phases of conducting human nutrition research, including experimental design, project development, research ethics, recruitment/screening/testing of participants, sample/data processing, statistical analyses, manuscript writing, and presentation of results at local and national scientific meetings/conferences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The research findings were presented at scientific meetings, disseminated in national press releases, and by peer-reviewed scientific journal publications.It is also important to note that from 2013-2015 Prof. Campbellserved on the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee,a U.S. Congress-mandated committee run by USDA and HHS.After theDGAC was de-commissioned in February 2105, Prof. Campbell has presented several seminarsdescribing the function and work of the committee.Prof. Campbell's speaking engagements during this reporting period included: 5/6/15 Invited speaker, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. Presentation to the Student Nutrition Organization titled, 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee report: A scientific foundation for nutrition policy. 2/6/15 Invited speaker, Cattle Industry Annual Convention; San Antonio, TX. Presentations to policy and research committees on Inclusion of Meat in Healthy Diets and the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee process. 5/14/15 Invited speaker, Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, In, symposium on Nutrition Currency from Policy to Practice. Presentation: An insider report on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. 3/13/15 Invited Speaker, DuPont Advisory Committee meeting, Washington, DC. Presentation: Nutrition Policy and Impact of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines. 3/12/15 Invited Speaker and consultant to Kraft Foods, Chicago, IL. Presentation: New paradigms in protein requirements and protein quality. 2/27/15Organizer and Speaker for a symposium on the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Process, Purdue Department of Nutrition Science Corporate Affiliates Program. Topic: Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee experiences and perspectives. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During this reporting period Prof. Campbell and his research group published 11 papers, includingeight peer-refiewed research papers, one review article, one book chapter, and one agricultural conference proceedings. Collectively, these papers covered a range of topics thematically linked to human health and aging. Important outcomes included: 1) dietary protein requirements and intakes and health for older adults; 2) the impact of protein intake and protein-rich foods on body composition and clinical indexes of health of middle-aged and older adults;and 3)the impact of weight loss and exercise training on indexes of systemic inflammation in older adults. In addiation, Prof. Campbell collaborated on several novel projects germain to human health, including a Cochrane review of dehydration in older people and a study assessing the impact of bioactive compounds in onions on skeletal muscle mitochondria and insulin sensitivity.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Campbell WW, Weinheimer EM, Tang M. Protein Metabolism and Requirements. Chapter 2 in Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professionals Handbook, 4th edition. Ronni Chernoff, editor. Jones and Bartlett Learning (publisher), Burlington, Massachusetts. 2014
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Campbell WW. Update on the new U.S. dietary standards. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. for Feed Manu. East Syracuse, NY, pp. 185-187, 2015
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Attreed NJ, Campbell WW, et al. (38 total co-authors). Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 30;4:CD009647. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009647.pub2. PMID: 25924806
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW, Jacques PF, Kritchevsky SB, Moore LL, Rodriguez NR, van Loon LJ. Protein and healthy aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 Apr 29 [Epub ahead of print]. PMID 25926511
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Markofski MM, Flynn MG, Carrillo AE, Armstrong CL, Campbell WW, Sedlock DA. Resistance exercise training-induced decreased in inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage without weight loss in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 114(8):1737-48, 2014. PMID 24832193
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Anguah KO, Wonnell BS, Campbell WW, McCabe GP, McCrory MA. A blended- rather than whole lentil meal with or without ?-galactosidase mildly increases healthy adults appetite but not their glycemic response. J Nutr 144(12):1963-1969, 2014. PMID 25411033; PMCID: PMC4230209
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Rafii M, Chapman K, Owens J, Elango R, Campbell WW, Ball RO, Pencharz PB, Courtney-Martin G. Dietary Protein Requirement of Female Adults >65 Years Determined by the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique Is Higher Than Current Recommendations. J Nutr. 145:18-24, 2015 PMID: 25320185
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Henagan TM, Cefalu WT, Ribnicky DM, Noland RC, Dunville K, Campbell WW, Stewart LK, Forney LA, Gettys TW, Chang JS, Morrison CD. In vivo effects of dietary quercetin and quercetin-rich red onion extract on skeletal muscle mitochondria, metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Genes Nutr 10(1):451 [Epub]. PMID 25542303; PMCID: PMC4277553
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kim JE, Gordon SL, Ferruzzi MG, Campbell WW. Effects of egg consumption on carotenoid absorption from co-consumed, raw vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 102(1):75-83, 2015 PMID: 26016861
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Sayer RD, Wright AJ, Chen N, Campbell WW. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet retains effectiveness to reduce blood pressure when lean pork is substituted for chicken and fish as the predominant source of protein. Am J Clin Nutr 102(2):302-308, 2015. PMID: 26063693
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Campbell WW, Kim JE, Amankwaah AF, Gordon SL, Weinheimer-Haus EM. Higher Total protein intake and change in total protein intake affect body composition but not metabolic syndrome indexes in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who performed resistance and aerobic exercise for 36 weeks. J Nutr. 145(9):2076-83, 2015, Aug 5. pii: jn213595. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 26246322


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences reached by my efforts included nutrition scientists and faculty, andundergraduate and graduate students studying nutrition-related disciplines. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This research presented in the four publications represents scientific and professional collaborations between Prof. Campbell and seven other faculty/scientists and four grraduate students. In addiation, Prof. Campbell mentored one post-doctoral scientist, nine graduate students (all PhD students), and one undergraduate honors student during this reporting period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? During this reporting period, Prof. Campbell presented twonational scientific presentations: 5/5/14 Invited speaker, symposium on 'Assessment of protein nutritional quality: digestibility and bioavailability,' The 105th American Oil Chemists Society meeting & expo, San Antonio, TX, USA. Presentation title: Dietary protein consumption to promote human health. 4/28/14 Co-chair and speaker, symposium on 'Optimizing protein quantity and distribution to improve health outcomes.' 2014 Experimental Biology meeting, San Diego, CA. Presentation title: Protein and dietary guidance (then and now). and one local scientific presentation: 7/12/14 Scientific presentation to the Purdue Musculoskeletal and Mineral Working Group. Topic: Bone and Diet: protein intake effects on muscle and bone during weight loss. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? During the next reporting period, Prof. Campbell's research and mentoring will focus on multiple topics, inclduing the effects of dietary protein intake on body composition, skeletal muscle, appetite and ingestive behaviors (including brain activation), and metabolic health (especially glucose tolerance); the influence ofselected foods (including eggs)on the absorption of carotenoids; the effects of resistant starches on insulin-mediated glucose control; and the influence of the within-day patterning of macronutrient intakes (especially protein) on weight loss and exercise-induced changes in body composition. Major goalsalsoareto help three PhD students complete their dissertations and graduate, and initiate new research on the effects of different food sources of protein consumed as part of healthy dietary patterns on metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During this reporting period Prof. Campbell and his research grouppublished four peer-reviewed papers, including two primary research papers and two review articles. These papers spanned a wide range of topics thematically linked to human health and aging. The outcomes of interest included: 1) the impact of patterns of exercise on feeding behaviors, energy balance, and risk for obesity; 2) the effects of dietary protein on weight loss-induced changes in skeletal bone, especially in older adults; 3) an assessment of the dietary protein needs of elderly women based on an indicator amino acid oxidation technique; and ) a cell-based study determining the effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids on the uptake and secretion of important antioxidant compounds, specifically carotenoids and vitamin E.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Failla ML, Chitchumronchokchai C, Ferruzzi MG, Goltz SR, Campbell WW. Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and ?-tocopheral by Caco-2 cells. Food Funct., 5(6):1101-1112, 2014 PMID 24710065
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tang M, McCabe GP, Elango R, Pencharz PB, Ball RO, Campbell WW. Assessment of protein requirement in octogenarian women with use of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am J Clin Nutr 99(4):891-8, 2014 PMID 24429540
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tang M, OConnor LE, Campbell WW. Diet-induced weight loss: the effect of dietary protein on bone. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(1):72-85, 2014 PMID 24183993
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Li J, OConnor, Zhou J, Campbell WW. Exercise patterns, ingestive behaviors, and energy balance. Physiol Behav Aprio 18, 2014 Epub ahead of print. PMID 24747277


Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The research encompassed in the listed publications represents scientific and professional collaborations between Professor Campbell and 14 other faculty/scientists; 6 post-doctoral research scientists, and 11 graduate and undergraduate students. The mentoring and research training environment within Professor Campbell group is very strong. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue to focus on assessment of dietary protein intakes and needs of old and elderly adults; and the influence of dietary protein intake on body composition and health in conjunction with weight loss and exercise training.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During this reporting period, Professor Campbell and his research group published ten papers, including seven peer-reviewed research journal manuscripts, one journal review article, and two book chapters. The primary research focused on multiple imprtant outcomes: 1) the effects of dietary protein intake on changes in body composition during weight loss - our research shows that consumption of higher amounts of protein helps men and women preserve lean body mass during weight loss; 2) Human metabolic health - our research shows that people at high risk for morbidities that comprise metabolic syndrome can benefit from losing weight, regulary performing exercise (especially resistance exercise), and maintaining clinical normal vitamin D status; and 3) protein metabolism of older adults - we reported that age and sex affect protein metabolism and that estimates of protein need from the traditional method of determing dietary protein requirement (nitrogen balance) are significantly related to rates of turnover of the essential amino acid leucine. The latter finding is important because this research links a person's need for protein with their body's use.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Conley TB, McCabe GP, Lim E, Yarasheski KE, Johnson CA, Campbell WW. Age and sex affect protein metabolism at protein intakes that span the range of adequacy: comparison of leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance data. J Nutr Biochem 24:693-699, 2013. PMID 22841544
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Houchins JA, Tan SY, Campbell WW, Mattes RD. Effects of fruit and vegetable, consumed in solid vs beverage forms, on acute and chronic appetitive responses in lean and obese adults. Int J Obes 37(8):693-699, 2013. PMID 23164702
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kullman EL, Campbell WW, Krishnan RK, Yarasheski KE, Evans WJ, Kirwan, JP. Age attenuates leucine oxidation after eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med 34(8):695-699, 2013, PMID 23325713
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Tang M, Armstrong CLH, Leidy HJ, Campbell WW. Normal vs. high-protein weight loss diets in men: effects on body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome. Obesity 21(3):E204-E210, 2013. PMID 23592676
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kobza VM, Fleet JC, Zhou J, Conley TB, Peacock M, IglayReger HB, DePalma G, Campbell WW. Vitamin D status and resistance exercise training independently affect glucose tolerance in older adults. Nutr Res 33(5):349-357, 2013. PMID 23684436
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Goltz SR, Sapper TN, Failla ML, Campbell WW, Ferruzzi MG. Carotenoid bioavailability from raw vegetables and a moderate amount of oil in human subjects is greatest when the majority of daily vegetables are consumed at one meal. Nutr Res 33(5):358-366. PMID 23684437
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Tang M, Leidy JH, Campbell WW. Regional, but not total, body composition changes in overweight and obese adults consuming a higher protein, energy-restricted diet are sex specific. Nutr Res 33(8): 629-635, 2013. PMID: 23890352
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Volpi E, Campbell WW, Dwyer JT, Johnson MA, Jensen GL, Morley JE, Wolfe RR. Is the optimal level of protein intake for older adults greater than the recommended dietary allowance? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68(6):677-681, 2013. PMID 23183903
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Zhou J, Li J, Campbell WW. Vegetarian Athletes. Chapter 10 in Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength. Bagchi D, Nair S, Sen CK, editors. Academic Press (Elsevier), Waltham, Massachusetts. 2013
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Campbell WW, Weinheimer EM, Tang M. Protein Metabolism and Requirements. Chapter 2 in Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professionals Handbook, 4th edition. Ronni Chernoff, editor. Jones and Bartlett Learning (publisher), Burlington, Massachusetts. 2014


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Accomplishments since the last reporting period include the following: Events: 3/28/12 Invited speaker, American College of Sports Medicine Health & Fitness Summit, Las Vegas, NV. Presentation: Stronger, Healthier Boomers: the roles of resistance training and high-quality protein. 2/28/12 Invited seminar speaker, School of Health Sciences, Purdue University. Presentation title: Nutrition and Exercise: Tools to Promote Successful Aging. 12/19/11 Invited speaker, Indiana Cooperative Extension Educators state-wide staff development program. Presentation title: Dietary protein and body weight: controversies, debate and consensus. Professional Society Activities: April 2012 Co-chair and speaker, American Society for Nutrition Symposium, Macronutrients as tools to counter age-related changes in skeletal muscle. Experimental Biology 2012, San Diego, CA, April 20-25, 2012. Professional Consulting: Member of the whey protein advisory panel, Dairy Research Institute. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nutrition Scientists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Member of the whey protein advisory panel for the Dairy Research Institute.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period
  • Weinheimer EM, Conley TB, Kobza VM, Sands LP, Lim E, Campbell WW. Whey protein supplementation does not affect exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2012(8):1532-1539. PMID 22718030
  • Glotz SR, Campbell WW, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Failla ML, Ferruzzi MG. Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012(6):866-877. PMID 22707262
  • Weaver CM, Campbell WW, Teegarden D, Craig BA, Martin BR, Sing R, Braun MM, Apolzan JA, Hannon TS, Schoeller DA, DiMeglio L, Hickey Y, Peacock M. Calcium, dairy products, and energy balance in overweight adolescents: A controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 94(5):1163-1170, 2011. PMID 21918216
  • Houchins JA, Burgess JR, Campbell WW, Daniel JR, Ferruzzi MG, McCabe GP, Mattes RD. Beverage versus solid fruits and vegetables: Effects on energy intake and body weight. Obesity 2012; 20(9)�1844-1850. PMID 21720441
  • Apolzan JW, Leidy HJ, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Effects of food form on food intake and postprandial appetite sensations, glucose and endocrine responses, and energy expenditure in resistance trained vs. sedentary older adults. Br J Nutr 106(7):1107-1116, 2011. PMID 21492495
  • Conley TB, Apolzan JW, Leidy HJ, Greaves KA, Lim E, Campbell WW. Effect of food form on postprandial plasma amino acid profiles in older adults. Br J Nutr 2011 106(2):203-207. PMID 21554804


Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Accomplishments since the last reporting period include the following: Events: 9/27/11 Invited speaker, 2011 Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo (FNCE), American Dietetic Association, San Diego, CA. Session title: Bone and Diet: New Connections for Healthy Weight and Well-Being. 9/19/11 Invited speaker and discussant, PepsiCo and the AARP/AFAR Health Promotion Institute, Seminar on Optimal Nutrition in Older Adults, September 13th, Chicago, IL. Presentation title: "Protein intake for muscle mass and function." 8/12/11 Invited speaker, National Strength & Conditioning Association, 2011 Nutrition Symposium, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH, August 12-13, 2011. Presentation title: "Dietary energy and protein and exercise effects on weight control, body composition and health in older adults." 4/14/11 Invited speaker, Indiana Dietetic Association, Indianapolis, IN. Presentation title: "Dietary Protein and Body Weight: Controversies, Debate, and Consensus." 3/21/11 Invited speaker, American Heart Association, Industry Nutrition Advisory Panel meeting, Atlanta, GA. Presentation title: "Dietary Protein and Body Weight: Controversies, Debate, and Consensus." 12/7/10 Invited speaker and discussant, ASN, IFT, and IFIC grant writing webinar at the interface of food science and nutrition, focused on proposal writing tailored to USDA. Presentation title: Solving Problems at the Interface of Food Science and Nutrition. Co-presentation with Prof. Mario Ferruzzi. Additional Scientific Presentations and Lectures: 7/21/11, Scientific presentation to the Pork Safety, Quality and Human Nutrition Committee, National Pork Board. Topic: Dietary protein effects on body composition, appetite and health. 6/29/11 Invited speaker, Glaxo-Smith-Kline Protein Science Workshop, London, UK, June 28-29, 2011. Presentation title: Protein nutrition and appetite control. 2/11/11 Faculty Discussant, Purdue University Center on Aging and the Life Course. Topic: "The place of post-doctoral fellowships in career development." 12/17/10, Faculty Presenter, Indiana CTSI Retreat, "Advancing the Science of Translational Medicine", Topic: Overview of CTSI Bionutrition activities and capabilities. Services: Consultant to the US Whey Consortium and the National Dairy Council. Contributing Editor to the journal: Nutrition Reviews. Dissemination: 9/2/11, Indiana Area Five Agency on Aging Senior Games, Logansport, IN. Presentation on the importance of exercise and diet for healthy muscles. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nutrition scientists and the dietetic community. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
All of the outcomes listed above and the publications listed below are thematically focused on improving our scientific understanding about how to use nutrition and exercise to effectively and positively impact human health during aging. These 8 publications focus on evaluations of the effects of diet and exercise on appetite; eating frequency and meal patterning as a determinant of food intake; the impact of dietary protein on weight loss induced changes in skeletal bone; and water turnover in overweight adolescents.

Publications

  • Laan DJ, Leidy HJ, Lim E, Campbell WW. Effects and reproducibility of aerobic and resistance exercise on appetite and energy intake in young, physically active adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 35(6):842-847, 2010. PMID: 21164556.
  • Leidy HJ, Tang M, Armstrong CLH, Martin CB, Campbell WW. The effects of consuming frequent, higher protein meals on appetite and satiety during weight loss in overweight/obese men. Obesity 19(4):818-824, 2011. PMID 20847729
  • OConnell DN, Weinheimer EM, Martin BR, Weaver CM, Campbell WW. Water turnover assessment in overweight adolescents. Obesity 19(2):292-297, 2011. PMID 20930714
  • Leidy HJ, Armstrong CLH, Tang M, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. The influence of higher protein intake and greater eating frequency on appetite control in overweight and obese men. Obesity 18(9):1725-32, 2010 PMID: 20339363
  • Campbell WW, and Tang M. Protein intake, weight loss, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Geronotol A Biol Scie Med Sci 65(10):1115-22, 2010 PMID: 20605872
  • Thalacker-Mercer AE, Fleet JC, Craig BA, Campbell WW. The skeletal muscle transcript profile reflects accommodative responses to inadequate protein intake in younger and older males. J Nutr Biochem 21(11):1076-82, 2010 PMID: 20149619
  • McCrory MA, Campbell WW. Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: symposium overview. J Nutr. 2011;141:144-147. PMID: 21123468
  • Leidy HJ, Campbell WW. The effect of eating frequency on appetite control and food intake: brief synopsis of controlled feeding studies. J Nutr. 2011;141:154-157. PMID: 21123467


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Accomplishments since the last reporting period include the following: 4/27/10 Invited speaker, American Society for Nutrition Symposium on "Weight Management: How Much Protein Is Enough 2010 Experimental Biology meeting, Anaheim, CA. Presentation title: A Focus on Purposeful Weight Loss in Older Adults. 9/15/08 Faculty Lecturer, National Extension Association of Family and Consume Sciences Aging Successfully pre-conference workshop, Indianapolis, IN. Presentation title: Nutrition and Exercise: Tools to Counter Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Sarcopenia. 9/8/08 Invited speaker, EuroWhey conference, Paris, France. Presentation title: Effects of high-protein diets on lean body mass preservation, metabolism, well-being and kidney function in weight loss. 7/19/08 Invited speaker, Gatorade Sports Science Institute symposium on "Protein Nutrition for Health and Performance", Huntington Beach, CA. Presentation title: Manipulation of protein intake and exercise in the preservation of lean muscle and prevention of sarcopenia. 6/25/08 Invited speaker, Symposium on "Consume Issues: Diet and Health", 61st Reciprocal Meat Conference, American Meat Science Association, Gainesville, FL. Presentation title: Uses of dietary protein to help combat obesity and sarcopenia. Served on 4 NIH study sections and 1 NASA study section. Consultant to the US Whey Consortium, the National Dairy Council, Sara Lee Corp., Abbott, and the National Cattlemen's Beef Association. Member of the Indiana Clinical Research Center Advisory Committee, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Contributing Editor to the journal: Nutrition Reviews. Member, American Society for Nutrition Symposia Advisory Committee. Chair and Past-Chair, Energy and Macronutrient Metabolism Research Interest Section, American Society of Nutrition. 8/5/10 Lafayette Urban Ministries Summer Camp 2010 - "Science - Exploring the Possibilities." Presentation to three groups of 8-10 year-old campers on "The ins and outs of energy - balancing calories between food and exercise". Hanging Rock Christian Assembly Camp, West Lebanon, Indiana. 9/25/09 Purdue University President's council Back-to-Class Seminar presentation on Get Better with Age: Research Shows How to Combat Loss of Muscle Mass. 7/6/09 Purdue Retirees Association. Presentation on Healthy Aging. 4/29/09 Purdue Retirees Association. Presentation on Nutrition, Exercise, and Sarcopenia. 9/18/08 University Place Retirement Community, West Lafayette, IN. Presentation on Nutrition and Exercise as tools to prevent and treat sarcopenia. 5/21/08 Mary L. Matthews Club, discussion about nutrition and exercise for seniors. 2/9/08 Purdue University President's Counscil Seminar presentation on Exercise and Nutrition for older persons. Mollenkoph Back-to-Class weekend, Naples, FL. 1/26/08 Westminster Village Retirement Community Men's Club, West Lafayette, IN. Presentation and discussion on the benefits of nutrition and exercise for older people. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Older adults to enhance exercise, nutrition and health PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
All of the outcomes listed above and the publications listed below are thematically linked to improving knowledge about the health-related impacts of nutrition and exercise across the life span. The 13 publications expand our understanding the ingestion of energy from beverages may promote weight gain among adults at risk of obesity; that resistance exercise training is an effective tool to blunt weight-loss-induced changes in lean body mass in older adults; that physically active women are able to maintain daily hydratation status by consuming water ad libitum; and that weight loss and exercise positively impact the metabolic and physiological biomarkers of metabolic syndrome. Our research also continues to question the adequacy of the recommended dietary allowance for protein for older adults.

Publications

  • Campbell WW, Haub DM, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Sullivan DH, Apolzan JW, Iglay HB. Resistance training preserves fat-free mass without impacting changes in protein metabolism after weight loss in older women. Obesity 17:1332-9, 2009.
  • Singh R, Martin BR, Hickey Y, Teegarden D, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Schoeller DA, Kerr DA, Weaver CM. Comparison of self-reported energy intake and measured metabolizable energy intake with total energy expenditure in overweight teens. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1744-50, 2009.
  • Leidy HJ, Apolzan JW, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Food form and portion size affect postprandial appetite sensations and hormonal responses in healthy, nonobese, older adults. Obesity, 18(2):293-299, 2010. [Epub July 23, 2009].
  • Weinheimer EM, Sands LP, and Campbell WW. A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: Implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr Rev 68(7):375-388, 2010.
  • Sands AL, Leidy HJ, Hamaker BR, Maguire P, Campbell WW. Consumption of the slow digesting waxy maize starch leads to blunted plasma glucose and insulin response but does not influence energy expenditure or appetite in humans. Nutr Res 29:383-390, 2009.
  • Apolzan JW, Flynn MG, McFarlin BK, Campbell WW. Age and physical activity status effects on appetite and mood state in older humans. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:203-211, 2009.
  • Stull AJ, Wood KV, Thyfault JP, Campbell WW. Effects of acute pinitol supplementation on plasma pinitol concentration, whole body glucose tolerance, and activation of the skeletal muscle insulin receptor in older humans. Horm Metab Res 41:381-386, 2009.
  • Mattes RD and Campbell WW. Effects of food form and timing of ingestion on appetite and energy intake in lean young adults and in young adults with obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 109:430-437, 2009.
  • Leidy HJ, Bossingham MJ, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Increased dietary protein consumed at breakfast leads to an initial and sustained feeling of fullness during energy restriction compared to other meal times. Br J Nutr 101:798-803, 2009.
  • Iglay HB, Apolzan JW, Gerrard DE, Eash JK, Anderson JC, Campbell WW. Moderately increased protein intake predominantly from egg sources does not influence whole body, regional, or muscle composition responses to resistance training in older people. J Nutr, Health Aging 13:108-114, 2009.
  • Campbell WW, Johnson CA, McCabe GP, Carnell NS. Dietary protein requirements of younger and older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 88:1322-1329, 2008.
  • Stull AJ, Thyfault JP, Haub MD, Ostund RD Jr., Campbell WW. Relationships between urinary inositol excretions and whole-body glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle insulin receptor phosphorylation. Metabolism Clin & Exper 57:1545-1551, 2008.
  • Weinheimer EM, Martin BR, Weaver CM, Welch JM, Campbell WW. The effect of exercise on water balance in premenopausal physically active women. J Am Diet Assoc 108:1662-1667, 2008.


Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Accomplishments this year include continued evaluations of the impact of consuming dietary energy in liquid form (beverages) on appetite and feeding behaviors. The findings that 1) older men and women have less robust changes in appetite and greater food intake at the next eating occation after consuming meal replacement products in beverage form, compared to solid form, and 2) dietary compensation to beverages is weaker than for solid food forms of comparable nutrient content, are consistent with the notion that energy-containing beverages may promote positive energy balance and weight gain. With regard to exercise, we found that aerobic/resistance training is an effective way to decrease reduce clinical markers of inflammation that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. We also showed that exercise does not negatively impact the ability of young athletic women to use calcium supplements to improve calcium balance (which is good for bone health). Finally, several review articles published during the past year document the important role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging, and show that dietary protein and resistance training can be effectively used to promote muscle protein synthesis and the retention/accretion of muscle mass in older people. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Human nutritionists PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The findings from these studies collectively continue to strongly support nutrition and exercise as effective tools to help people maintain a healthy body weight, and maintain or improve indices of metabolic and physiological health. These findings also support that the ingestion of energy as beverages differentially affects appetite and feeding behaviors in ways that could promote weight gain.

Publications

  • Stull AJ, Apolzan JW, Thalacker-Mercer AE, Iglay HB, Campbell WW. 2008. Liquid and solid meal replacement products differentially affect postprandial appetite and food intake in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 108:1226-1230.
  • Diaz ML, Watkins BA, Li Y, Anderson RA, Campbell WW. 2008. Chromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight women. J Nutr Biochem 19:61-68.
  • Stewart LK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Timmerman KL, McFarlin BK, Coen PM, Talbert E. 2007. The influence of exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39 (10):1714-1719.
  • Mourao DM, Bressan, Campbell WW, Mattes RD. 2007. Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 31:1688-1695.
  • Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, Volpi E, Wolfe RR. 2008. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr 87(suppl):1562S-1566S.
  • Thalacker-Mercer AE, Campbell WW. 2008. Dietary protein intake affects albumin fractional synthesis rate in younger and older adults equally. Nutr Rev 66(2):91-05.
  • Campbell WW and Leidy HJ. 2007. Dietary protein and resistance training effects on muscle and body composition in older persons. J Am Coll Nutr 26(6):696S-703S.
  • Campbell WW. Synergistic use of high-protein diets or nutritional supplements with resistance training to counter sarcopenia. 2007. Nutr Rev 65(9):416-422.


Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Accomplishments this year include evaluations of the effects of inadequate dietary protein intake on appetite and protein metabolism of younger and older adults. The findings that men who consume inadequate protein experience increased hunger and desires to eat and blunted abilities to synthesis the hepatic protein albumin, further support the need for people of all ages to consume adequate protein from high-quality sources. We also documented in several studies that higher protein intake effects changes in body composition, metabolism, and appetite in younger and older women who consume an energy-restricted diet and lose body weight. We found that higher protein diets help women preserve lean body mass while losing weight, and that this was especially true for obese, versus overweight, women. With regard to exercise, we documented that resistance training can be a very effective tool to help older people improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity without changing body weight, and that younger, physically active women can use calcium supplementation as an effective tool to achieve a positive calcium balance. Finally, our research documents that the form of food consumed (i.e., solids versus beverage meal replacement products) impacts the appetitive and hormonal responses that occur after eating. The ingestion of beverages lead to a smaller reduction in hunger and smaller shifts in hormones that help control appetite, including ghrelin. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dietitians, consumers

Impacts
The findings from these studies collectively continue to strongly support the benefits fo diet and exercise to help people maintain a healthy body weight, maintain nutritional status, and promote a healthy lifestyle. These findings also implicate inadequate or inappropriate nutrient intakes with changes in appetite, ingestive behaviors, and macronutrient metabolism.

Publications

  • Martin, BR, Davis S, Campbell WW, Weaver CM. Exercise and calcium supplementation: effects on calcium homeostasis in sportswomen. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1481-1486, 2007.
  • Tieken SM, Leidy HJ, Stull AJ, Mattes RD, Schuster RA, Campbell WW. Effects of solid versus liquid meal-replacement products of similar energy content on hunger, satiety, and appetite-regulating hormones in older adults. Hor Metb Res 39(5):389-94, 2007.
  • Thalacker-Mercer AE, Johnson CA, Yarsheski KE, Carnell NS, Campbell WW. Nutrient ingestion, protein intake, and sex, but not age, affect the albumin synthesis rate in humans. J Nutr 137(7):1734-1740, 2007.
  • Thalacker-Mercer AE, JC Fleet, BA Craig, NS Carnell, WW. Campbell. Inadequate protein intake affects skeletal muscle transcript profiles in older humans. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1344-1352, 2007.
  • Leidy HJ, RD Mattes, WW Campbell. Effects of acute and chronic protein intake on metabolism, appetite, and ghrelin during weight loss. Obesity 15:1215-1225, 2007.
  • Apolzan JW, NS Carnell, RD Mattes, WW Campbell. Inadequate dietary protein increases hunger and desire to eat in younger and older men. J Nutr 137:1478-1482, 2007.
  • Leidy HJ, NS Carnell, RD Mattes, WW Campbell. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass & satiety with weight loss in pre-obese & obese women. Obesity 15:421-429, 2007.
  • Iglay HB, JP Thyfault, JW Apolzan, WW Campbell. Resistance training and dietary protein: effects on glucose tolerance and contrents of skeletal muscle insulin signaling proteins in older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1005-1013, 2007
  • Mahon AK, Flynn MG, Stewart LK, McFarlin BK, Iglay HB, Mattes RD, Lyle RM, Considine RB, Campbell WW. Protein intake during energy restriction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 26(2):182-189, 2007.
  • Mahon AK, MG Flynn, HB Iglay, LK Stewart, CA Johnson, BK McFarlin, WW Campbell. Measurement of body composition changes with weight loss in postmenopausal women: comparison of methods. J Nutr Health & Aging 11(3):203-213, 2007.


Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Accomplishments this year include the critical evaluation of the use of vegetarian diets by athletes. Special dietary considerations to meet the nutritional needs and support peak performance among athletes includes consuming adequate energy and macronutrients within the acceptable distribution range and consuming adequate total dietary iron to offset the reduced bioavailability of iron from plant foods. The overall assessment is that all athletes should carefully plan their diet to contain sufficient energy and nutrients to fully support their training and competition. Available evidence supports that well planned vegetarian diets can meet the energy and macro- and micronutrient needs of an athletes and may reduce the risk for certain chronic diseases. A second accomplishment this year was the documentation that nine weeks of energy restriction by overweight, older women did not suppress immunity, and that differential zinc and iron intakes, achieved by consuming beef versus chicken versus non-meat foods with differing amounts of protein did not significantly alter immunity. A third accomplishment was the documentation in older men and women that the performance of acute physical exercise or maintaining a physically active lifestyle may possess anti-inflammatory properties. More specifically, that older adults who exercise had lower basal blood levels of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha production, toll-like receptor 4 expression, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. These compounds are considered biomarkers of inflammation and/or immunity.

Impacts
The findings from these studies collectively continue to strongly support the benefits of diet and exercise to help people maintain a healthy body weight, maintain nutritional status, and promote a healthy anti-inflammation and immunity systems in their bodies.

Publications

  • McFarlin BK, MG Flynn, AK Mahon, LK Stewart, KL Timmerman, RM Lyle, WW Campbell. Energy restriction with different protein quantities and source: implications for innate immunity. Obesity 14:1211-1218, 2006.
  • McFarlin BK, MG Flynn, WW Campbell, BA Craig, JP Robinson, LK Stewart, KL Timmerman, PM Coen. Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol: A Biol Sci Med Sci 61(4):388-93, 2006.
  • Venderley AM and Campbell WW. Vegetarian diets: nutritional considerations for athletes. Sports Medicine 36(4):293-305, 2006.
  • Campbell WW, NS Carnell, and AE Thalacker. Protein metabolism and requirements. Chapter 2 in Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professionals Handbook, 3rd edition. Ronni Chernoff, editor. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., Sudbury, Massachusetts. 2006.


Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
Accomplishments during the past year include documentation of water balance, hydration status, and fat-free mass hydration in young and older adults. This project was a major undertaking and resulted in the direct measurement of water balance in 46 humans, one of the largest studies of this kind ever accomplished. The results documented that healthy older adults maintain water input, output, and balance comparable to those of younger adults, and have no apparent change in hydration status. The results also support that the hydration of fat-free mass is increased in older men and women. Another accomplishment this year was to continue to characterize the integrative effects of diet and exercise on the health of older people. Specifically, we evaluated whether the predominant source of dietary protein influenced the lipid-lipoprotein profile in older men who performed resistance exercise training for 12 weeks. The major protein sources were either beef or soy. The results suggested that the lipid-lipoprotein profile of older men was differentially affected by supplementation with beef versus soy-based foods during resistance training. The results also documented that changes in lipid-lipoprotein profile were predicted by differences in the saturated fat to fiber ratio and cholesterol to fiber ration and increases in carbohydrate intake over time. A third accomplishment this year was the documentation that exercise training by older people can significantly improve their whole body inflammation status. Specifically, results from two separate investigations support that exercise training lowers lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6 and toll-like receptor 4. It was speculated that the changes in toll-like receptor 4 may explain the anti-inflammatory effect of chronic exercise training by older men and women.

Impacts
Results from our research this year highlight how important both nutrition and exercise are to the health and functioning of older people. Our findings show that while apparently healthy older people are able to maintain some aspects of health comparable to younger adults, e.g. water balance and hydration status, nutrition and exercise interventions can improve risk factors associated with chronic diseases, e.g. lipid-lipoprotein profile and markers of inflammation.

Publications

  • McFarlin BK, MG Flynn, WW Campbell, LK Stewart, KL Timmerman. TLR4 is lower in resistance-trained older women and related to inflammatory cytokines. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(11):1876-1883, 2004.
  • Stewart LK, MG Flynn, WW Campbell, BA Craig, JP Robinson, BK McFarlin, KL Timmerman, PM Coen, J Felker, E Talbert. Influence of exercise training and age on CD14+ cell-surface expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 19:389-397, 2005.
  • Bossingham MJ, NS Carnell, WW Campbell. Water balance, hydration status, and fat-free mass hydration in younger and older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 81:1342-1350, 2005
  • Haub MD, AM Wells, WW Campbell. Beef and soy-based food supplements differentially affect serum lipoprotein-lipid profiles because of changes in carbohydrate intake and novel nutrient intake ratios in older men who resistive-train. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 54:769-774, 2005.


Progress 10/01/03 to 09/29/04

Outputs
Accomplishments during the past year include an evaluation of the efficacy of a structured resistive exercise program for elderly persons with impaired cognitive abilities. The documentation that muscle strength and power can be significantly increased within 12 weeks in these persons is noteworthy. In separate research, we documented that resistive training by older persons does not impact kidney and liver functions, nor does the ingestion of the dietary supplement chromium picolinate for 12 weeks. These findings may provide reassurance that over the short-term, these interventions do not adversely affect clinical indicators of normal kidney and liver functions. During the past year, we also published results of two studies that evaluated whether short-term inadequate protein intake adversely affected pharathyroid hormone status in humans. These findings contradicted earlier research that inadequate protein intake resulted in increased parathyroid hormone concentrations, consistent with hyperparathyroidism. Our findings suggest that this adverse event does not occur in the short term. Finally, we published research documenting the accuracy and precision of using the Yale Physical Activity Survey to estimate the energy expenditure of physical activity in older men and women. The results support that the questionnaire may be used on a group basis, but not on an individual basis. Collectively, these studies document our continuing focus on nutrition and exercise for health across the life span.

Impacts
Results from on-going studies and recent publications continue to document the importance of integrative nutrition and exercise interventions to positively affect human health. The finding that frail elderly persons with diminished cognitive abilities can still achieve increased muscle strength and power by participating in a structured resistive exercise program emphasizes the importance of life-long wellness.

Publications

  • Campbell WW, JC Fleet, RT Hall, NS Carnell. Short-term low-protein intake does not increase serum parathyroid hormone concentration in humans. J Nutr 134:1900-1904, 2004.
  • Campbell WW, LJO Joseph, RE Ostlund, Jr, RA Anderson, PA Farrell, WJ Evans. Resistive training and chromium picolinate: effects on inositols and liver and kidney functions in older adults. Intern J Sport Nutr & Exerc Metab 14:430-442, 2004.
  • Kruskall LJ, WW Campbell, WJ Evans. The Yale Physical Activity Survey for Older Adults: predictions in the energy expenditure due to physical activity. J Am Diet Assoc 104:1251-1257, 2004.
  • Kuiack SL, WW Campbell, WJ Evans. A structured resistive training program improves muscle strength and power in elderly persons with dementia. Activities, Adaptation & Aging 28:35-47, 2004.


Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03

Outputs
Accomplishments during the past year include an evaluation of the accuracy of the Atwater energy equivalents of 16.7, 16.7, and 37.7 kJ per gram of protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively, to estimate the metabolizable energy requirement of older persons. The results from this 14-week controlled feeding study in 11 men and 17 women, age range 55 to 78 years, suggest that the Atwater energy equivalent values may overestimate the actual metabolizable energy intake of older people. In a separate study, we documented in older men that the consumption of a beef-containing, higher-bioavailable-iron diet, compared with a vegetarian, lower-bioavailable-iron diet, was associated with increased hematological profile during a 12-week period of resistive exercise training. Older men who consumed either a beef-containing or a vegetarian diet maintained a hematological profile within clinically normal limits. During the past year progress was also made on projects that evaluate protein intake and adequacy of elderly persons, the effect of weight loss on body composition and immune function in postmenopausal women, the interactive effects of diet and resistive exercise training on skeletal muscle and glucose metabolism in older men and women, and the effects of pinitol supplementation on insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in older persons. Collectively, these studies continue our focus on health-related impacts of nutrition and exercise across the life span.

Impacts
Results from on-going studies and recent publications continue to document the importance of integrative nutrition and exercise interventions to positively affect human health. Specifically, that dietitians and other healthcare providers who use the Atwater general factors to estimate the energy needs of older persons should do so with caution. Also, older persons should perform resistive exercise to increase muscle strength and size, and that the inclusion of adequate dietary iron and protein in their diets will influence their hematological profile during the period of training.

Publications

  • Kruskall LJ, WW Campbell, WJ Evans. The Atwater energy equivalents overestimate metabolizable energy intake in older humans: results from a 96-day strictly controlled feeding study. J Nutr 133:2581-2584, 2003.
  • Wells AM, MD Haub, J Fluckey, DK Williams, R Chernoff, WW Campbell. Comparisons of vegetarian and beef-containing diets on hematological indexes and iron stores during a period of resistive training in older men. J Am Diet Assoc 103:594-601, 2003.


Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02

Outputs
Progress on this project has been excellent. Research on the health-related impacts of nutrition and exercise across the life span currently focus on evaluating protein intake and adequacy of elderly persons and the effects of weight loss and resistive training on body composition, protein metabolism, and carbohydrte metabolism.

Impacts
Results from on-ging studies and recent publications provide a foundation for integrative nutrition and exercise recommendations to help persons maintain and promote life-long well-being. Collectively, these results document that it is possible for elderly persons to positively influence their health through nutrition and exercise. Specifically, that older persons should strive to consume adequate dietary protein and use resistive exercise to increase muscle strength and size.

Publications

  • Campbell WW, LJO Joseph, RA Anderson, SL Davey, J Hinton, WJ Evans. Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism 12:125-135, 2002.
  • Joseph JOJ, TA Trappe, PA Farrell, WW Campbell, KE Yarasheski, CP Lambert, WJ Evans. Short-term moderate weight loss and resistance training do not affect insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 24(11):1863-1869, 2001.
  • Murray-Kolb LE, JL Beard, LJ Joseph, SL Davey, WJ Evans, WW Campbell. Resistance training affects iron status in older men and women. Intern J Sport Nutr and Exerc Metab 11:273-284, 2001.
  • Kirwan JP, D Cyr-Campbell, WW Campbell, J Scheiber, WJ Evans. Effects of moderate and high glycemic index meals on metabolism and exercise performance. Metabolism 50(7):849-855, 2001.
  • Morse HM, MD Haub, WJ Evans, WW Campbell. Protein requirement of elderly women: nitrogen balance responses to three levels of protein intake. J Gerontol: Med Sci 56A(11):M724-M730, 2001.
  • Campbell, WW, TA Trappe, AC Jozsi, LJ Kruskall, RR Wolfe, WJ Evans. Dietary protein adequacy and lower body versus whole body resistive training in older humans. Journal of Physiology 542 (Pt. 2):631-642, 2002.
  • Campbell WW, LJ Kruskall, WJ Evans. Lower body versus whole body resistive exercise training and energy requirements of older men and women. Metabolism 51:989-997, 2002.
  • Haub MD, AM Wells, MA Tarnopolsky, WW Campbell. Effect of protein source on resistive training-induced changes in body composition and muscle size in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 76:511-517, 2002.
  • Jozsi AC, EE Dupont-Versteegden, JM Taylor-Jones, WJ Evans, TA Trappe, WW Campbell, CA Peterson. Molecular characteristics of aged muscle reflect an altered ability to respond to exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 11:S9-S15, 2001.
  • Kirwan JP, DJ O'Gorman, D Cyr-Campbell, WW Campbell, KE Yarasheski, WJ Evans. Effects of a moderate glycemic meal on exercise duration and substrate utilization. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(9):1517-1523, 2001.


Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01

Outputs
Progress on this project has been excellent. Data collection was completed on 11 young women and will be combined with data previously obtained from 11 elderly women to compare protein metabolism and nitrogen balance responses to three levels of dietary protein (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day). Analyses of the samples collected for this study are on-going and will be completed in the next year.

Impacts
The results of this study will contribute to our understanding of the metabolism and requirement for protein, and will be very helpful to establishing a Recommended Dietary Allowance, of older people.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period