Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE BIOLOGICALLY-BASED PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR HIGH VALUE SPECIALTY CROPS IN CENTRAL WASHINGTON
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0189651
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
WNP00381
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jun 1, 2012
Project End Date
May 31, 2017
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
James, D. G.
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Prosser Irrigated Ag Res & Ext Center
Non Technical Summary
To further develop and improve the efficacy and most importantly, sustainability of biologically-based approaches to arthropod management for high value specialty crops in central Washington. This will involve developing and implementing a wide range of tactics to provide cost-effective and practical integrated pest management and conservation biological control systems. Develop native habitat restoration as the basis for improving and sustaining conservation biological control as well creating opportunities for agriculture to participate in insect conservation.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
30%
Applied
50%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2111129113015%
2112230113015%
2161129113015%
2161131113015%
2161139113015%
2161430113010%
2162230113015%
Goals / Objectives
1. To investigate the biology, ecology and chemical ecology of arthropod pests of high value, specialty crops in Central Washington. For example, eriophyid mites, leafhoppers, mealybugs, thrips and cutworms in grapes. Field and laboratory studies to be conducted in commercial crops, experimental research station plots and WSU-IAREC laboratories. 2. To investigate the biology, ecology and chemical ecology of natural enemies (predators, parasitoids, pathogens) of arthropod pests of high value, specialty crops in central Washington. For example phytoseiid and coccinellid predators of mites, hymenopterous parasitoids of aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers and hemipterous predators of thrips, mites, aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers. Field and laboratory studies to be conducted in commercial crops, experimental research station plots and WSU-IAREC laboratories. 3. To investigate the efficacy and sustainable use of specific, low environmental impact pesticides on targeted pests and their impact on natural enemies. Field and laboratory studies to be conducted in commercial crops, experimental research station plots and WSU-IAREC laboratories. 4. To develop and implement conservation biological control strategies for arthropod pests based on knowledge gained in objectives 1-3. Enhancement of biological control through the use of synthetic plant volatile natural enemy attractants will be a key area of research. Field and laboratory studies to be conducted in commercial crops, experimental research station plots and WSU-IAREC laboratories. 5. To develop strategies for sustaining conservation biological control using native habitat restoration techniques. Field and laboratory studies to be conducted in commercial crops, experimental research station plots and WSU-IAREC laboratories. 6. Develop native habitat restoration as an agricultural strategy with dual and overlapping goals of sustainable pest management and beneficial insect conservation. Field and laboratory studies to be conducted in commercial crops, experimental research station plots, natural areas adjacent to cropping zones and WSU-IAREC laboratories. 7. To disseminate research results to growers, commodity bodies, consultants and the scientific community via extension and research articles, social media, web sites, field days, meetings, industry conferences etc.
Project Methods
The biology and ecology of arthropod pests will continue to be investigated in laboratory and field studies. Laboratory cultures will be established and detailed studies conducted on biological and chemical parameters. Such studies may include (according to species) investigations on reproduction, nutrition, development, pheromone production/emission, damage potential, diapause characteristics, interactions with natural enemies etc. Field studies will investigate seasonality, population dynamics, arthropod-plant interactions, alternate hosts, mortality factors and dispersal. In addition, studies will focus on the ability and efficacy of predators, parasitoids and pathogens to regulate pest populations. Responses of plants and natural enemies to synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles will be evaluated in field and laboratory studies. The efficacy of insecticides and miticides on targeted pests will be evaluated in laboratory bioassays (Potter Precision Spray Tower) and field trials. Priority will be given to testing novel, narrow-spectrum compounds with low environmental impact. Habitat restoration as a strategy to enhance efficacy and sustainability of conservation biological control will be researched, implemented and documented using central Washington vineyards. Develop and implement conservation biological control strategies for arthropod pests based on knowledge gained in objectives 1-3. Enhancement of biological control through the use of synthetic plant volatile natural enemy attractants will be a key area of research.

Progress 06/01/12 to 05/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Grapegrowers and viticulturists in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho). Industry support personnel, students and scientific professionals. Scouting and pest management personnel private and public. Naturalists and nature conservation groups, organizations and clubs. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?. Results have been presented at regional and national professional society meetings and published in trade publications and scientific journals. This project has excellent media appeal and full use of this medium has been made. IPM workshops and viticulture course IPM modules held at WSU-Prosser and Tri-Cities, will continue focusing on aspects of sustainable wine grape IPM and are instrumental in the extension of current research progress. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Native plant ground covers for Wine grapevineyards Establishment of Vineyard Ground Cover Plots at WSU-TriCities Ground cover plots of six native plant species (Apocynum androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane), Gaillardia aristata (Blanket Flower), Eriogonum niveum (Snow Buckwheat), Eriogonum umbellatum (Sulphur Buckwheat), Erigeron speciosus (Showy Fleabane), Eriophylum lanatum (Oregon Sunshine) were successfully established in late May 2015 at the Tri-Cities (Richland) campus of Washington State University. Fifty five to sixty two plants of each species were established in each plot (~3' x 18') bordered on each of two sides by 3 grapevines. All plants were seedling plugs obtained from a commercial native plant nursery. Ground cover plots were separated by non-planted grass/weed plots. Three plots were established for each plant species amongst three red and three white varietals (Cabernet, Syrah, Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Gewurtztraminer). Drip irrigation was provided for the ground cover plants in the first season (2015) but was not provided in 2016 or subsequent seasons. Establishment of ground cover plants was evaluated after 2 weeks, 2, 12, 24 and 28 months. Establishment and survival in 2015 was reasonably good for all species except A. androsaemifolium and E. lanatum. The summer of 2015 was particularly hot and dry (the hottest summer recorded at Richland since records began) so this likely had an adverse effect on seedling establishment despite irrigation. Counts of plants 12 months after planting indicated good survival by G. aristata, E. niveum and E. speciosus. Survival of A. androsaemifolium and E. umbellatum was also reasonable (43-51%) but survival of E. lanatum was poor (18.9%). After 2 years only E. niveum, G. aristata and E. speciosus were surviving at 35-63% of their original density. Unauthorized mowing of all plots in June 2017 reduced the viability of many plants. However, E. niveum and E. speciosus maintained their densities as indicated by September counts. Counts for the other species at this time may have underestimated numbers due to lack of foliage and abundance of weeds. Counts to be taken in May 2018 should present a clearer picture of survival. Survival of Native Plants in Ground Cover Plots Established in 2013 at WSU-Prosser Ground cover plots of five native plant species (Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), Asclepias speciosa (Showy Milkweed), Eriogonum compositum (Northern Buckwheat), Eriogonum heracledoides (Parsnip Buckwheat), Monardella odoratissima (Coyote Mint) were successfully established in mid May 2013 on the Roza vineyard property of WSU-Prosser. Forty plants of each species were established in each plot (~3' x 18') bordered on each of two sides by 3 grapevines. All plants were seedling plugs except for A. speciosa. This species was obtained by digging up dormant roots locally and planting them. Ground cover plots were separated by non-planted grass/weed plots. Three plots were established for each plant species in each of two grape varieties (Chardonnay and Merlot). Drip irrigation was provided for the ground cover plants in 2013 but not in subsequent years. Missing plants of all species were replaced with new plugs (or dormant roots [A. speciosa]) in October 2013. Survival of ground cover plants was evaluated at intervals of up to 4.5 years post-planting . Survival after 4.5 years was greatest for the two buckwheat species (E. compositum, E. heracleoides) ranging from 56-82%. Yarrow (A. millefolium) also survived well (>95%) for the first two years then fell to 21-32% during the next two years. However by 4.5 years, the number of A. millefolium plants increased again due to the establishment of new plants resulting from self-seeding. The percentage of Asclepias speciosa plants surviving ranged between 25-47% in the first two years then fell to < 10% in the third year. However, a resurgence in numbers occurred in year 4. Similarly, the percentage of M. odoratissima plants surviving never exceeded 43.7% and fell to < 10% in the final year with no indication of a resurgence. The summers of 2014 and 2015 were particularly hot and dry so the high survival of A. millefolium, E. heracleoides and E. compositum in the absence of supplemental irrigation is noteworthy. Evidence of new seedling establishment was also seen with these species especially in years 3 and 4. All arthropods occurred in very low densities on grape leaves during the sampling period. Numbers of spider mites were mostly < 5 mites per leaf which is well below the economic threshold (20-40 mites/leaf). Despite this, the mean number of spider mites per leaf (4.7) in the control plots was significantly greater than in the E. heracleoides (0.6) and E. compositum (1.0) plots (ANOVA: P = 0.014, F: 4.609, df, 2, 59.). Predatory mite (Phytoseiidae) and tydeid mite numbers were low in all plots and did not differ between treatments. Key Outcomes 2017: After almost 5 years of evaluation, it is clear that at least three of the five native plant species established in our 2013 vineyard plot trial at Prosser, show potential as ground covers that can maintain themselves at sufficient densities without supplemental irrigation. This is despite the fact that above average summer temperatures were a feature of this trial. The two buckwheat species (E. compositum and E. heracleoides) were at 56-82% of their original densities after 4.5 years and showing signs (especially E. heracleoides) of increasing their numbers by re-seeding. Similarly, Yarrow (A. millefolium) was also still present at a high density after 4.5 years and actively re-seeding. A fourth species, A. speciosa, also showed signs of regenerating after 4.5 years. After 2 years of evaluation our second ground cover trial in a WSU TriCities vineyard showed two additional native plant species with potential for persistence under arid conditions. Another buckwheat species (E. niveum) and Blanket flower (G. aristata) have persisted at reasonable levels despite hot, dry summers as well as unauthorized mowing of the plots in June 2017. In fact survival of all native plants in both trials has been challenged on numerous occasions during the past 5 years by authorized and unauthorized human activities including tractor travel, mowing, slashing and herbicide exposure. While not planned for, these additional challenges add to the qualifications of these plants as durable and practical vineyard ground covers. Monitoring of natural enemies in grapes bordered by native plant plots showed higher numbers in A. speciosa, A. millefolium, M. odoratissima and A androseamifolium plots (2015). In 2017, numbers of spider mites, an important pest of grapes, were significantly higher in grapes that were not adjacent to native plants, compared to those that were adjacent to buckwheats. These data support our contention that the native plants we are working with have the potential to attract beneficial insects and improve conservation biological control of grape pests. Yarrow (A. millefolium), Northern buckwheat (E. compositum), Parsley buckwheat (E. heracleoides), Blanket flower (G. aristata) and Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) have shown enough potential in these trials and other research we have conducted, to be candidates for more extensive trials in commercial vineyards. Thus, we will be proposing further evaluation of these species within larger blocks in commercial vineyards beginning in 2018.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2016). Beneficial Insect Attraction to Milkweeds (Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias fascicularis) in Washington State, USA. Insects 2016: 7, 30.
  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: James, DG. (2017). The Book of Caterpillars. A life-size guide to six hundred species from around the world. University of Chicago Press, IL 656 pp.


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Specialist Horticultural Crop Producers Viticulturists Agricultural Extension Personnel Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through grower meetings, field days and conferences. Also dissemination via newsletters, websites and all forms of communication media. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The pest status of mites on wine grapes in eastern Washington was evaluated and determined. Native plant species which showed promise as beneficial insect-attractants began evaluation as ground covers in eastern Washington vineyards Advances were made in identifying native habitat restoration strategies that improve biologically-based pest management in wine grape vineyards.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2016). Beneficial Insect Attraction to Milkweeds (Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias fascicularis) in Washington State, USA. Insects 2016: 7, 30
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D.G. (2016). Population biology of Monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at a Milkweed-rich summer breeding site in central Washington. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society: 70: 182-193.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G. Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2016). Beauty with Benefits: Naturescaping Washington vineyards for biological control and butterfly conservation. Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America Annual Conference, Honolulu, HI April
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Butterflies: Life histories, conservation and a charismatic link with nature. Fall Heritage Garden Workshop, Richland, WA, November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D.G. (2016). Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly in the Pacific Northwest. Coyote Ridge Correctional Center Seminar Series. September.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D.G. (2016). Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly in the Pacific Northwest. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife/Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Monarch Butterfly Workshop, Vantage, WA (July)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D.G. (2016). Biology and Conservation of Monarch butterflies in the Pacific Northwest. Sandhill Crane Festival, Othello, WA, March 19
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D.G. (2016). Butterflies: Life histories, conservation and a charismatic link with nature. Annual Conference of Whidney Island Master Gardeners, Eagle Harbor, WA. March 5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G. (2016). Neonicotinoids and increased fecundity in spider mites and other pests. Annual Meeting of Association of Applied IPM Ecologists, Monterey, California Feb 1.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G., James, T. S., Grasswitz, T. R., Wright, L. C., Hebert, V. R., Simpson, M,, Gurr, G., Gent, D., Woods, J. L. and Lee, J. (2016). Methyl salicylate: From candy to crop protection tool. Annual Meeting of Association of Applied IPM Ecologists, Monterey, California Feb 1
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G. (2016). The Nature of Agriculture. TEDx Yakima, May 10, Yakima, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D. G. (2016). Biology and Conservation of Monarch butterflies in the Pacific Northwest. Monarch Advocates of Central Oregon. Bend, OR. May 12.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: James, D.G. (2016). Citizens, incarcerated and free, helping to unravel the mysteries of Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) migration in the Pacific Northwest. Entomological Society of America, Pacific Branch Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI, April.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Specialist Horticultural Crop Producers Viticulturists Agricultural Extension Personnel Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Study results have been distributed to stakeholders through electronic formats, such as WSU web sites and at grower meetings, workshops and field days. Stakeholders have also been provided annual project updates and summaries. Results have been presented at regional and national professional society meetings and published in trade publications and scientific journals. Training sessions have been held for scouts and growers on correctly identifying native plants, natural enemies of vineyard pests and other beneficial insects A designated web site has been established to convey information on the progress of this project and to provide a resource for independent implementation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Possible areasof research: Studies on the apparent link between the regular use of neonicotinoid insecticides and economically-damaging spider mite outbreaks, need to be conducted. In particular, an assessment needs to be made on whether other neonicotinoids apart from imidacloprid, also cause increases in spider mite reproduction. Biological studies on central Washington strains of Willamette Spider Mite are needed to determine whether it differs from western Oregon strains in terms of function and survival under hot-dry conditions. These studies would indicate the economic damage potential of this mite in central Washington. Studies are needed to confirm whether Pacific Spider Mite exists in Washington vineyards.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Establishment and evaluation of beneficial insect-attracting native plant ground covers in wine grape vineyards. Key Outcomes 2015: Five native plant species (Yarrow, Milkweed, Northern Buckwheat, Parsnip Buckwheat, Coyote Mint) selected after three years evaluation for high attraction to beneficial insects, are beginning to show their potential as vineyard ground covers in a trial at WSU-Prosser. All were successfully established in 2013 from plugs or rootstocks with Yarrow and the two buckwheats showing the greatest rates of survival. All species survived without supplemental irrigation in the second and third year post-establishment. Flowering occurred in all species in 2014 and 2015 and some differences were detected in the abundance of beneficial insects occurring in vines in different ground cover plots. Yarrow, Showy Milkweed and Coyote Mint plots had greater numbers of beneficial insects in adjacent grapevines compared to other ground cover plots in 2015. In 2014, only the Yarrow plots showed elevated numbers of beneficial insects. The bulk of these beneficial insects in both years were parasitic wasps including the leafhopper parasitoids, Anagrus spp. A second group of native flowering perennial plants previously identified as being strongly attractive to a wide range of beneficial insects (Spreading Dogbane, Blanket Flower, Snow Buckwheat, Sulfur Buckwheat, Showy Fleabane and Oregon Sunshine) was established in a second vineyard ground cover plot trial at WSU-Tri-Cities in May 2015. All species were successfully established although survival rates were less than anticipated due perhaps to the exceptionally hot summer conditions prevailing in 2015. A more accurate assessment of survival should be possible in spring 2016. Data collection on the performance of these eleven native plant ground covers is required for 2-3 additional seasons to provide conclusive evidence of their suitability as practical ground covers and their value to wine grape pest management. The best performing plants will then be evaluated in larger-scale commercial vineyard trials. Grapevine Mites: Current status in eastern Washington vineyards Summary of Project Results: A survey of the mite fauna in eastern Washington vineyards over a three year period (2013-15) indicated that spider mites occured in about 50% of vineyards but the majority of these (> 75%) had non-damaging populations. The few vineyards that had damaging populations may have created mite outbreak situations by regularly using neonicotinoid insecticides. Willamette Spider Mite is present in some central Washington vineyards and was responsible for more than half of the damaging mite populations observed in this study. Pacific Spider Mite may be present in Washington vineyards. A new eriophyid mite, Blister Mite, was recorded in commercial vineyards in central Washington for the first time. Rust mites occurred at low, non-damaging levels during this survey. A diverse fauna of predatory mites (at least seven-eight species of phytoseiids and tydeids) occurred in about 50% of vineyards and is likely in part responsible for low spider mite populations. Key Outcomes 1. Surveying grapevine mite incidence and abundance in eastern Washington grapevines was conducted during 2013-15 with 79 vineyard blocks surveyed and 95 leaf samples collected. 2. Spider mites, historically the most important mite pest of Washington grapes, were present in 51.9% of vineyard blocks sampled. 3. The majority of these blocks (75.6 %) had non-damaging populations of spider mites (< 5 mites/leaf). 4. Willamette spider mite was recorded from five wine grape vineyards. 5. Five of the 10 incidents of damaging spider mite populations detected were caused by Willamette mite. 6. A new spider mites species to Washington grapes, Pacific spider mite, may have been recorded (previously confused with McDaniel mite) from some vineyards but we are awaiting confirmation. 7. A new eriophyid mite, Blister mite was recorded for the first time at high levels in two eastern WA wine grape vineyards in 2014. 8. Rust mites were present in 40 % of vineyards and mostly at low, non-economic levels. 9. Phytoseiids (predatory mites) were present in 49.5 % of vineyard blocks and included six species. 10. Tydeid mites (predators, fungivores) were present in 69.5 % of vineyard blocks. 11. This survey indicates that spider mites are an infrequent pest problem in Washington grapes that are well regulated by a diverse population of predatory mites and other natural enemies. Occasional damaging populations may occur as a consequence of regular use of neonicotinoid insecticides. Willamette spider mite may become an important component of the vineyard mite fauna in Washington. 12. This research confirmed the potential of utilizing prison inmates to perform important but expensive scientific tasks like examining leaves for arthropods and recording these data.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. Biology and Conservation of Monarch butterflies in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Wildlife Club, Pullman, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Vineyard Biodiversity: Naturescaping Vineyards for beneficial insect conservation. Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers Annual Conference, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). A symphony of butterflies in Yakima. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy-Yakima Valley Community College Seminar Series. Yakima, February 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. Beauty with Benefits: Naturescaping Vineyards for beneficial insect and butterfly conservation. June Meeting of SCARABS, Seattle, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Biological control of mites in perennial crops. Acarology Summer Program Guest Lecture, Ohio State University, Columbus OH
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Integrated mite management. Acarology Summer Program Guest Lecture, Ohio State University, Columbus OH
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Manipulating plant-arthropod conversations to improve conservation biological control of mites. Acarology Summer Program Guest Lecture, Ohio State University, Columbus OH
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James. D.G. (2015). Chemical control of mites. Acarology Summer Program Guest Lecture, Ohio State University, Columbus OH
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Insect and mite pests in Washington vineyards. Guest Lecture to Viticulture Students at WSU-Tricities, Richland, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Beneficial Insects. Annual Conference of Master Gardeners, Vancouver, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Butterflies: Life histories, conservation and a charismatic link with nature. Annual Conference of Master Gardeners, Vancouver, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Biology and Conservation of Monarch butterflies in the Pacific Northwest. North American Butterfly Association, Eugene-Springfield Chapter, Eugene, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Native habitat restoration, sustainable IPM and beneficial insect conservation for Washington viticulture. Annual Conference of the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research, Portland, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Naturescaping for beneficial insects on central Washington farms. Benton Conservation District Small Farms Lecture Series, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2015). Beauty with benefits: Butterfly conservation in Washington State, USA, wine grape vineyards. Journal of Insect Conservation 19: 341-348.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Maeda, T., Kishimoto, H., Wright, L. C. and James, D. G. (2015). Mixture of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles attracts more Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) than a single volatile Journal of Insect Behavior 28: 126-137.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2015). Beneficial insects associated with stinging nettle (Urtica dioica Linnaeus) in central Washington State. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 91: 1-9.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Olmstead, M. and D.G. James (2015). Cover-cropping in vineyards to manage pest populations effectively. American Pomological Society
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: James, D.G. (2015). Population biology of Monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at a Milkweed-rich summer breeding site in central Washington. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society (in press).
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: https://www.facebook.com/MonarchButterfliesInThePacificNorthwest/?ref=aymt_homepage_panel (Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest)
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: https://www.facebook.com/Vineyard-Beauty-with-Benefits-Restoring-Habitat-for-Beneficial-Insects-112777002135559/ Vineyard Beauty with Benefits
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: http://www.wavineyardbeautywithbenefits.com/ Vineyard Beauty with Benefits


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Specialty horticultural crop producers Viticulturalists Agricultural extension personnel Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Washington grape growers have been encouraged to duplicate our outcomes in enhancing habitat for IPM benefits and nature conservation via our ''Beauty with Benefits'' website (http://www.wavineyardbeautywithbenefits.com/) and related Facebook portal (https://www.facebook.com/pages/Vineyard-Beauty-with-Benefits-Restoring-Habitat-for-Beneficial-Insects/112777002135559?sk=wall). Our internet sites are closely linked with other WSU web sites (e.g. WSU-Prosser and WSU Viticulture) as well as WSU social media sites, thus expanding their reach and influence within the WA agricultural and educational arena. Other outreach activities for local and regional viticulturists have included on-farm workshops and field days (especially at participating project vineyard sites), industry seminars and presentations at grape and wine meetings, workshops and conferences. WSU is heavily committed to viticultural research and extension and has many extension resources available including the Viticulture and Enology Extension Newsletter, which is published twice annually. We are also utilizing the resources of the WSU Small Farms team (http://smallfarms.wsu.edu/), which has an excellent record of extending research information via farm events to producers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Commercial wine grape vineyards in eastern Washington that have encouraged establishment and maintenance of native plants for 5-20 years have greater populations of beneficial insects and mites than comparable, nearby vineyards that have not established native plants. Populations of grapevine pests are also smaller and have less impact in habitat-enhanced vineyards than in conventional vineyards. Diversity and abundance of butterflies (important pollinators) were greater in habitat-enhanced than conventional vineyards. More than 100 flowering plants (mostly native) were examined over three years for their relative attractancy to beneficial insects including predators, parasitoids and pollinators. Plants are ranked in order of their attractiveness to beneficial insects. Native habitat enhancement of wine grape vineyards in eastern Washington and Oregon is shown to be a practical strategy for improving and sustaining biologically-based pest management, while providing essential resources for threatened pollinators like butterflies and bees. Five native plant species (Yarrow, Milkweed, Northern Buckwheat, Parsnip Buckwheat, Coyote Mint) selected after three years evaluation for high attractivity to beneficial insects, are beginning to show potential as vineyard ground covers in a trial at WSU-Prosser. All were successfully established in 2013 from plugs or rootstocks with Yarrow and the two buckwheats showing the greatest rates of survival. All species survived without supplemental irrigation in the second year of establishment. Flowering occurred in all species in 2014 and some differences were detected in the abundance of beneficial insects occurring in vines in different ground cover plots. Yarrow plots, which had the greatest numbers of flowers over the longest period of time, had significantly greater numbers of beneficial insects in adjacent grapevines compared to other ground cover plots. The bulk of these beneficial insects were parasitic wasps including the leafhopper parasitoids, Anagrus spp. There was a trend of increased abundance of beneficial insects in native ground cover plots compared to resident vegetation plots.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G., Seymour, L. and James, T.S. (2014). Population biology and behavior of the imperiled Philotiella leona (Lycaenidae) in south central Oregon. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 68: 264-273.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G., Seymour, L.S., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2014). Beneficial insects attracted to native flowering buckwheats (Eriogonum Michx.) in central Washington. Environmental Entomology 43: 942-948.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: J. L. Woods, A. J. Dreves, D. G. James, J. C. Lee, D. B. Walsh, and D. H. Gent (2014). Development of Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phorodon humuli (Schrank) in Oregon Hop Yards. Journal of Economic Entomology 107: 570-581.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2014 Citation: Maeda, T., Kishimoto, H., Wright, L. C. and James, D. G. (2014). Mixture of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles attracts more Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) than a single volatile. Journal of Insect Behavior (In Press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2014). Beauty with benefits: Butterfly conservation in Washington State, USA, wine grape vineyards. Journal of Insect Conservation (In Review).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Olmstead, M. and D.G. James (2014). Cover-cropping in vineyards to manage pest populations effectively. American Pomological Society (in Review).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2014). Beneficial insects associated with stinging nettle (Urtica dioica Linnaeus) in central Washington State. Pan-Pacific Entomologist (In Review).
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G. (2014). Pest management in Washington State vineyards: Case study. Pp. 26-27 In Farming with Native Beneficial Insects: Ecological pest control solutions. The Xerces Society Guide. Storey Publishing MA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D. G. Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2014). Beauty with Benefits: Butterfly conservation in Washington State, USA, wine grape vineyards. UK Butterfly Conservation Conference, Southampton, England. April.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D. G. (2014). Incarcerated Citizen Science: Prisoners and Monarch Butterfly Research in the Pacific Northwest. UK Butterfly Conservation Conference, Southampton, England. April.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G. (2014). Incarcerated Citizen Science: Prisoners and Monarch Butterfly Research in the Pacific Northwest. Washington Butterfly Association, Seattle. March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D. G. Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2014). Beauty with Benefits: Butterfly conservation in Washington wine grape vineyards. Washington Butterfly Association, Seattle, March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G. (2014). Beauty with benefits: Naturescaping vineyards for biological control of pests and pollinator conservation. VINEA Biodiversity Workshop, Walla Walla, WA. July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Buckley, K., Lauby, G., Seymour, L. and James, D.G. (2014). Native Habitat Restoration: An IPM strategy for vineyards. Washington Association for Wine Grape Growers Annual Meeting (Poster).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, J., James, D., James, T and James, R. (2014). The flight, nectaring and roosting behavior of Leonas Little Blue butterfly, Philotiella leona. Annual Meeting of the Lepidopterists Society, Park City, Utah, July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G. (2014). Beauty with benefits: Butterfly conservation in Washington State wine grape vineyards. Annual Meeting of the Lepidopterists Society, Park City, Utah, July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G. (2014). Incarcerated citizen science: Prisoners and Monarch butterfly migration research in the Pacific Northwest. Annual Meeting of the Lepidopterists Society, Park City, Utah, July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, J., James, D., James, T and James, R. (2014). The flight, nectaring and roosting behavior of Leonas Little Blue butterfly, Philotiella leona. Washington Butterfly Association, Seattle, October.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G. (2014). Conservation of the Yuma Skipper. Washington Butterfly Association, Seattle, October.


Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Horticultural producers, viticulturists, conservationists, habitat and wildlife managers, general public Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Washington grape growers will be encouraged to duplicate our outcomes in enhancing habitat for IPM benefits and nature conservation via our ''Beauty with Benefits'' website (http://www.wavineyardbeautywithbenefits.com/) and related Facebook portal (https://www.facebook.com/pages/Vineyard-Beauty-with-Benefits-Restoring-Habitat-for-Beneficial-Insects/112777002135559?sk=wall). Our internet sites are closely linked with other WSU web sites (e.g., WSU-Prosser and WSU Viticulture) as well as WSU social media sites, thus expanding their reach and influence within the WA agricultural and educational arena. Other outreach activities for local and regional viticulturists will include on-farm workshops and field days (especially at participating project vineyard sites), industry seminars and presentations at grape and wine meetings, workshops and conferences. Educational materialssuch asfact sheets and identification guides will be produced at the end of the project and made available to WA wine grape growers. Full use will be made of the resources available within the Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers (WAWGG) to ensure effective and timely communication with the industry. These resources include an email noticeline, workshops, lectures and an Annual Conference. Good links with ''Good Fruit'' magazine will be utilized to provide regular updates on our project. This locally produced magazine has a wide circulation and greatly influences PNW fruit and grape growers This research program will benefit the Washington wine grape industry by improving the efficacy and sustainability of integrated pest management, while reducing pesticide inputs and environmental contamination. Our pest management research is changing management practices in vineyards. Earlier research developed the first contemporary database on pesticide compatibility. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Continue monitoring the impact of native habitat restoration strategies on pest and natural enemy abundance in commercial vineyards. Benefits: Improved sustainability of IPM and biological control of pests, insect conservation, reduced pesticide inputs and costs, reduced contamination of fruit and the environment. 2. Continue investigating native perennial flowering plants for attractiveness to beneficial insects and their practicality for use as vineyard ground covers and refugia plantings. Benefits: Improved sustainability of IPM and biological control, reduced pesticide inputs and costs, reduced contamination of fruit and the environment.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Twenty species of flowering native or endemic plants were identified that attract large numbers of a wide variety of beneficial insects. The top ten include: Sagebrush, Rabbitbrush (2 spp.), Northern buckwheat, Snow buckwheat, Tall buckwheat, Western Clematis, Oregon Sunshine, Slender hawksbeard, Showy Milkweed and Yarrow. The four best species in terms of greatest diversity of beneficial insects attracted were Northern and Snow buckwheats, Western Clematis and Showy Milkweed. Some flowering plants species were identified as being attractive to specific kinds of beneficials, for example carnivorous flies (Oregon Sunshine), predatory bugs (stinging nettle) and Anagrus wasps (Sagebrush). Associated research showed trends of reduced pest abundance and increased beneficial insect diversity and abundance in vineyards with a diversity of native flowering plants compared to vineyards lacking native plants.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Olmstead, M. and D.G. James. Cover-cropping in vineyards to manage pest populations effectively. American Pomological Society
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G., Seymour, L.S., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. Beneficial insects attracted to native flowering buckwheats (Eriogonum Michx.) in central Washington. Environmental Entomology
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Maeda, T., Kishimoto, H., Wright, L. C. and James, D. G. Mixture of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles attracts more Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) than a single volatile. Agricultural and Forest Entomology
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: James, D.G., Seymour, L. and James, T.S. Population biology and behavior of the imperiled Philotiella leona (Lycaenidae) in south central Oregon. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Woods, J. L., A. J. Dreves, D. G. James, J. C. Lee, D. B. Walsh, and D. H. Gent. Development of Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phorodon humuli (Schrank) in Oregon Hop Yards. Journal of Economic Entomology
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: James, D.G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. 2013. Beauty with Benefits: Naturescaping Washington vineyards to sustain biological control and provide butterfly habitat. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Pucon, Chile.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: http://www.wavineyardbeautywithbenefits.com/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Website - https://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/Vineyard-Beauty-with-Benefits-Restoring-Habitat-for-Beneficial-Insects/112777002135559
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: website - https://www.facebook.com/#!/MonarchButterfliesInThePacificNorthwest


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Ground covers confer a number of benefits to vineyards, including the attraction and retention of beneficial insects. The use of native perennial plants for ground covers has several advantages, including better adaptation to the local environment, aiding local biodiversity, and avoidance of annual establishment. To restore native habitat refugia to Washington vineyards to enhance IPM and biological control, plant species with optimal attraction to predators and parasitoids of grape pests need to be selected. In 2012, one hundred and six species of flowering perennial plants were evaluated in natural areas of the Yakima Valley for beneficial insect attraction. Attraction of eight categories of beneficial insects was assessed using clear sticky traps placed on or adjacent to plants. Results for 5 plant species (Yarrow, Gray Rabbitbrush, Green Rabbitbrush, Clematis, Milkweed) indicate that all, except Green Rabbitbrush, attracted large numbers of predatory bugs. Gray Rabbitbrush was outstanding in attraction of parasitic wasps with a mean of up to 380 per trap. Yarrow and Milkweed also attracted large numbers of parasitic wasps. Beneficial flies were significantly attracted to Yarrow. Gray Rabbitbrush had the best overall profile of beneficial insect attraction. Yarrow and Milkweed are potential ground cover plants for vineyards while Gray Rabbitbrush would serve as excellent vineyard refugia plants. Other data obtained indicate that native habitats adjacent to vineyards are an important source of predators and parasitoids needed for biological control of grape pests in vineyards. In addition to providing direct and tangible benefits to viticulture, native habitat restoration also has the potential to help conserve threatened flora and fauna including endangered butterflies. PARTICIPANTS: Eight Washington State grapegrowers/wineries are directly involved in this project by allowing research to be conducted in their vineyards. All will directly benefit from this research as we progress to improved sustainability of grape pest IPM. The Washington Wine Grape Growers Association is an important long term sponsor of our research. Insect conservation as well as pest management is a theme of our research and the Xerces Society for invertebrate Conservation and Cowiche Canyon Conservancy are important partners. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience is the Washington State wine grape industry. Our research will improve the efficacy and sustainability of managing insect and mite pests, resulting in increased profitability and reduced environmental contamination. Our second target audience is the general public and anyone concerned with the survival and conservation of native plants and invertebrates like bees and butterflies, many of which are threatened by agricultural development. Our project has the dual aim of enhancing grape pest management and providing a safe habitat in viticulture for native flora, bees and butterflies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
This research is benefiting the Washington wine grape industry by developing pest management systems that are cost-effective, practical, sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Our pest management research is changing management practices in vineyards. Earlier research developed the first contemporary database on pesticide compatibility with important beneficial arthropods found in WA vineyards. Using predator-friendly chemicals enhances the efficacy and reliability of biological control which ultimately reduces the amount of pesticide used and production costs. Increased knowledge of biological control systems operating in vineyards, enables optimal and practical use of these ecosystem services. Our current research will increase the effectiveness and sustainability of conservation biological control of grape pests by creating vineyard environments conducive to natural enemy residency. Extension of the large amount of data now flowing from this research to growers and consultants is progressively changing vineyard pest management practices. Industry feedback indicates growers are modifying pest management practices based on our research.

Publications

  • James D.G., V. Hebert, J. Le Page. 2012. The prosternal gland in Pacific Northwest butterfly larvae with preliminary chemical analyses of emissions. J. of the Lepidopterists Soc. 66(3):137-142.
  • James D.G. 2012. Immature stages of Argynnis mormonia artonis (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) compared to Argynnis mormonia erinna and Argynnis mormonia washingtonia in the Pacific Northwest, with evidence for high elevation-mediated melanism. J. of the Lepidopterists Soc. 66:199-204.
  • James D.G., S. Orre, O.L. Reynolds, M. Simpson. 2012. Employing chemical ecology to understand and exploit biodiversity for pest management. Biodiversity and Insect Pests: Key Issues for Sustainable Management. (Eds). Geoff M. Gurr, Stephen D. Wratten, William E. Snyder & Donna M. Y. Read. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK. pp. 185-195.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Use of conservation biological control (CBC) in IPM is a strategy that is increasing in importance. CBC research is often focused on improving reliability by strengthening the natural enemy community in terms of population density and species diversity. Two aspects need addressing; attraction of beneficial arthropods during early cropping, and maintenance of populations throughout crop life. Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles (HIPV) offer potential for developing an effective semiochemical-based strategy for manipulating natural enemy populations. HIPV may function as direct attractants and/or as plant signals. Evidence for recruitment and retention of beneficial insects in grapes using controlled-release (CR) 5g dispensers of MeSA, was first presented by us in 2004. In a replicated experiment in a juice grape vineyard, sticky cards baited with MeSA captured significantly greater numbers of 5 species of predatory insects than unbaited blocks. Four insect families were also significantly more abundant in the MeSA-baited blocks. Studies in wine grapes during 2005-08 produced similar results suggesting the use of CR 5g dispensers of MeSA can increase recruitment and residency of beneficial insects. We also showed in some instances that pests like leafhoppers, and mites are fewer in MeSA-baited than unbaited vineyards. A barrier to widespread commercial adoption of CR dispensers of MeSA has been cost. At ~$2/dispenser and a deployment rate of 75/A, the cost of improving biological control is too high for most producers. Agbio Ltd. (supplier of MeSA dispensers) introduced a 2g dispenser in 2008 priced at ~$1.10 releasing MeSA for ~35 days compared to >80 days for the 5g. Our field work in 2009 showed 2g dispensers worked as well as 5g and in 2010 we showed they worked when deployed at 40/A instead of 75/A. In 2011 we reduced the deployment rate of 2g dispensers to 20/A. CR dispensers containing 2g MeSA were deployed in 2 vineyards during May-Aug. Control blocks with similar characteristics were also established. One MeSA and control block were Cabernet Sauvignon, the other pair, Merlot. Beneficial and pest arthropod populations were monitored weekly by examining leaf samples and by retrieving/replacing yellow sticky cards stapled to poles. After collection, leaves and traps were examined in the lab and all beneficials identified and counted. Predatory and pest populations in all the vineyards in 2011 were small, however, slightly larger populations of beneficials occurred in the MeSA-baited compared to the unbaited blocks, (primarily Merlot). Numbers of beneficials in the baited and unbaited Cabernet blocks were similar, although mite-eating ladybeetles were more common in the MeSA block. Combining all beneficial species, there was a ~20% increase in numbers in the MeSA-baited Merlot block compared to the unbaited block. No difference occurred between total beneficial numbers in the 2 Cabernet blocks. Rust mites were the only significantly occurring pest and numbers were significantly reduced in the MeSA-baited blocks of both cultivars. PARTICIPANTS: David G. James, WSU-Prosser TARGET AUDIENCES: Specialty crop producers in central WA PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Low rate dispensers (2g) of MeSA deployed at 20/acre gave variable results. Performance appeared best in the Merlot block with most groups of beneficials present in larger numbers than in the untreated block. However, unlike 2010 when a deployment rate of 40/acre resulted in 2-3 times as many beneficials in baited blocks of both cultivars, only a modest increase (~20%) in numbers of beneficials was recorded in 2011. Although rust mite numbers were lower in MeSA-baited than unbaited blocks, it appears likely that a 20/acre deployment rate of 2g MeSA dispensers may only provide minimal enhancement of pest biocontrol. Provisional recommendations from this research are that a minimum of 40 dispensers of 2g MeSA are required per acre in wine grape vineyards to provide optimal enhancement of natural enemy recruitment and conservation biological control. Further studies are needed to confirm the 2011 data before final recommendations can be made.

Publications

  • Landolt, P.J., C. Guedot, J.D. Hansen, L. Wright, and D.G. James. 2011. Trapping hop looper moths, Hypena humuli Harris (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Washington State hop yards with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Environ. Entomol. 53:183-188.
  • Grasswitz, T., and D.G. James. 2011. Phenology and impact of natural enemies associated with the hop looper (Hypena humuli) in Washington State. Internat. J. of Pest Manage. 57:329-339.
  • Simpson, M., G. Gurr, A. Simmons, S. Wratten, D.G. James, G. Leeson, and H. Nicol. 2011. Insect attraction to synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatile-treated field crops. Agric. and Forest Entomol. 13:45-57.
  • James, D.G., S. Castle del Conte, T. Price, T. Grasswitz, L. Wright, V. Reyna, O. Garcia, and J. Perez. 2011. Manipulating plant-arthropod conversations to improve conservation biological control of mites. Proc. of the X11 Internat. Conf. of Acarology, pp. 413-417.
  • James, D.G., and D. Prischmann. 2011. The impact of sulfur on biological control of mites in Washington State vineyards and hop yards. Proc. of the X11 Internat. Conf. of Acarology, pp. 477-482.
  • Simpson, M., G. Gurr, A. Simmons, S. Wratten, D.G. James, G. Leeson, and H. Nicol. 2011. Attract and reward: Combining chemical ecology and habitat manipulation to enahnce biological control in field crops. J. of Appl. Ecol. 48:580-590.
  • Simpson, M., G. Gurr, A. Simmons, S. Wratten, D.G. James, G. Leeson, H. Nicol, and S. Orre. 2011. Field evaluation of the 'attract and reward' approach in vineyards. Annals of Appl. Biol. 159:69-78.
  • Woods, J.L., D.G. James, J. Lee, and D. Gent. 2011. Validation of airborne methyl salicylate as a means to improve conservation biological control of spider mites in Oregon hop yards. Agric. and Forest Entomol. 55:401-416.
  • Kishimoto, H., T. Maeda, L. Wright, and D.G. James. 2011. Identification of prey consumed by Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in tree fruit and vines in Washington State, USA. Exper. and Appl. Acarology 37 DOI:10.1080/01647954.2011.553202


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Native Flowering Perennial Plants as Candidates for Biocontrol-Enhancing Vineyard Ground Covers. Work continued in evaluating the attractiveness of selected native flowering plants to beneficial insects by monitoring visitation to naturally occurring stands and establishing replicated plots of perennials considered to have potential. Four species were shown to be highly attractive to beneficial insects including ladybeetles, predatory bugs and parasitic wasps: Eriogonum compositum (Northern Buckwheat), Erigeron linearis (Desert Yellow Daisy), Lupinus lepidus (Desert Lupine) and Monardella odoratissima (Coyote Mint). Two species were moderately attractive (Eriogonum heracleoides (Parsley Desert Buckwheat), Phlox speciosa (Showy Phlox)). Six species attracted only small numbers of beneficials. Development of Herbivore-Induced Plant Protection Odors (HIPPOs) as IPM tools for Wine Grapes. The HIPPO, methyl salicylate (MeSA), has been shown to increase populations of beneficial insects when deployed in vineyards at 75 5g dispensers/acre. In 2009 we trialed a lower rate (2g) dispenser at 75/acre at two sites and obtained excellent results. Populations of beneficial insects, particularly parasitic wasps (including the leafhopper parasitoid Anagrus), predatory bugs and ladybeetles were 3-4 times greater in MeSA-baited than unbaited blocks. In addition, spider mite and rust mite numbers were substantially lower in the treated blocks. Control of cutworms in the fall and spring by insecticides approved for organic wine grape production. A field trial was conducted comparing the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel, XenTari) and spinosad (Entrust) as fall or spring treatments for cutworm control. All treatments reduced grape bud injury, particularly spinosad. PARTICIPANTS: Project Leader David G. James, grape growers, viticultural industry, agricultural consultants TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers, horticulturists, agricultural consultants PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
This research program is benefiting the Washington wine grape industry by developing pest management systems that are cost-effective, practical, sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Our pest management research is changing management practices in vineyards. For example, growers now have the opportunity to use pesticides identified by our research to be compatible with biological control agents, rather than materials that are disruptive to vineyard ecology. This project has developed the first contemporary database on pesticide compatibility with important beneficial arthropods found in WA vineyards. Using predator-friendly chemicals enhances the efficacy and reliability of biological control which ultimately reduces the amount of pesticide used and production costs. Increased knowledge of biological control systems operating or able to operate in vineyards, enables optimal and practical use of these environmental 'services' by grapegrowers. Specific examples are cultural modifications (planting overwintering plant hosts for leafhopper parasitoids) to improve leafhopper biocontrol and chemical modifications (minimizing sulfur inputs) for improving biocontrol of spider mites. The groundbreaking research on HIPPO being conducted at WSU-Prosser has the potential to yield major benefits to Washington grapegrowers by further improving the reliability of conservation biological control. The successes achieved in this research to date provide a great deal of optimism that commercial application of this technology is practical and will enhance sustainability of biological control in vineyards. Extension of the large amount of data now flowing from this research to growers and consultants is progressively changing vineyard pest management practices. Industry feedback indicates growers are modifying pest management practices based on our research.

Publications

  • Grasswitz, T.R., and D.G.James. 2010. Impact of natural enemies on the hop looper (Hypena humuli) as an emerging pest of US hops. BioControl. (in press)
  • Landolt, P.J., T.Lowery, L.Wright, C.Smithisler, and D.G.James. 2010. Trap response of cutworm moths (Abagrotis orbis) to a sex attractant lure in grape vineyards. The Canadian Entomologist. 142:135-142.
  • Wright, L., D.G.James, V.Reyna, S.Castle del Conte, S.Gingras, P.J.Landolt, and D.J.Brooks. 2010. Species Composition of Cutworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Central Washington Vineyards. Annals of the Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 103:592-596.


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The efficacy of two standard, registered miticides was compared with Biomite for control of the twospotted mite, Tetranychus urticae, on hops. The two conventional miticides were bifenazate (Acramite 50 WS, Chemtura) and etoxazole (Zeal 72 WP, Valent). Biomite (Natural Plant Protection) is a mixture of the plant products geraniol, citronellol, nerolidol, and farnesene. All miticides were applied at their highest labeled rates: Zeal at 4.0 oz/a, Acramite at 1.5 lbs/a, and Biomite at 0.59 gals/a. The non-ionic surfactant X-77 (0.25 pts/100 gals) was applied with Acramite. All treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the twospotted spider mite and for safety to predatory mites and insects. The number of spider mite motiles in the prespray sample ranged from 8.75 to 47.5 per leaf. The plots treated with Acramite had fewer mites than the control on each sampling date except 13 July. Zeal was similar with fewer mites on each date except 13 July and 4 August. Although the Biomite treated plots had significantly lower numbers than the control only on 29 June, the numbers were significantly lower for the whole season. Acramite and Zeal had significantly lower numbers of mites than the control and Biomite treatments over the whole season. Mite eggs ranged from 31.25 to 65 per leaf in the prespray sample. Although the number of eggs varied widely among treatments on many dates, there were significant differences only on 29 June and 28 July. However, for the whole season the Biomite and Acramite plots had significantly fewer eggs than the control. Zeal was not different from the control or Biomite treatments. PARTICIPANTS: David G. James, Entomologist, WSU-Prosser; Larry Wright, Ag Tech Supervisor, WSU-Prosser; Monterey Agricultural Resources Ltd; Washington Hop Commission. TARGET AUDIENCES: Hop growers, hop industry PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The major objective in this miticide trial was to compare the efficacy of Biomite with an untreated control and with 2 conventional materials. Acramite and Zeal provided the best control. They had fewer mites than the untreated plots on most dates but not significantly different from each other on any date or for the season. Biomite was inferior to the conventional materials, but the Biomite plots had significantly fewer spider mite motiles than the control plots on one date and for the whole season. The Biomite plots had more than 3X more mites in the prespray sample than the untreated plots, which were second in abundance. If the treatments had been applied earlier, when mite numbers were presumably lower, Biomite may have performed better. Acramite controlled spider mite eggs better than the other materials. For the season, Biomite significantly reduced the number of eggs compared with the control. Zeal was not significantly different from Biomite or the control. Therefore, Biomite was second after Acramite in reducing mite eggs. Because Biomite also reduced the number of spider mite motiles, it is not possible to determine if the reduction in eggs was due to the direct effect on eggs or due to the reduction in motiles. Chemical tests often do not show a clear-cut effect on the number of spider mite eggs. Most miticides have little toxicity to eggs. Also, when mite populations are reduced by a miticide or other cause, the remaining female mites may increase their fecundity due to reduced competition. Biomite was the only treatment that had significantly more predator mites than the control and that was only on 28 July, suggesting Biomite may be relatively safe for predator mites. Low numbers in the Acramite and Zeal plots may be due to the toxicity of the miticides or because the untreated and Biomite plots had more spider mites and thus more food for predators, allowing the predator populations to increase. Stethorus numbers for the season were highest in the control plots, lowest in the conventional miticide plots, and intermediate in the Biomite plots. It is not known if the difference is due to the direct toxicity of the materials or due to the larger number of mites, and therefore more food for the Stethorus, in the control and Biomite plots. The low and variable numbers of insect predators resulted in no significant differences among treatments. Possibly the finding of no differences suggests that the materials were not very toxic to insect predators. No insects are listed on the Acramite, Biomite, or Zeal labels, so these materials probably have little or no direct toxic effects on insect predators. Although Biomite did not control twospotted spider mites as well as Acramite and Zeal, it did show some activity. Earlier application when mite numbers were lower, may have enhanced its performance.

Publications

  • Gent, D., D.G.James, L.Wright, J.Barbour, A.J.Dreves, G.C.Fisher, and V.Walton. 2009. Effects of Powdery Mildew Fungicide Programs on Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae), Hop Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), and Their Natural Enemies in Hop Yards. J. of Econ. Ent. 102(1):274-286.
  • Grasswitz, T.R., and D.G.James. 2009. Influence of hop yard ground flora on invertebrate pests of hops and their natural enemies. Journal of Applied Entomology = Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie. 133:210-221.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 3 field experiments conducted on hops and wine grapes, plants sprayed with botanical oil (canola, peppermint, rosemary) pesticides formulated with small concentrations of the herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV), methyl salicylate (MeSA) or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HA), attracted significantly greater numbers of some predatory and parasitic insect species, than unsprayed plants. Abundance of the predatory bug, Orius tristicolor, and predatory flies in the family Empididae was significantly greater in the vicinity of canola oil/MeSA-treated than untreated Chinook and Mt. Hood variety hop plants. No differences in abundance of these insects near treated or untreated Columbia variety hop plants were detected. Orius tristicolor was also significantly more abundant around canola oil/HA and canola oil only-treated Mt. Hood (but not Chinook) hops and Mt. Hood hops treated with a commercial formulation of peppermint/rosemary oil (PRO) containing MeSA. Abundance of the acarophagous lady beetle, Stethorus picipes, was increased around PRO-MeSA-treated Chinook and Mt. Hood hops and also around hops of the latter variety sprayed with canola oil only. Aphidophagous Coccinellidae were significantly more abundant around PRO-MeSA-treated than untreated Mt. Hood (but not Chinook) plants. Micro-Hymenoptera were significantly more abundant around all treated (except canola oil/HA Chinook) hop plants compared to untreated. A curious result from experiment 2 was the significant attraction of micro-hymenopteran wasps, minute pirate bugs, O. tristicolor and mite-eating ladybeetles, S. picipes, to Mt. Hood hop plants sprayed with canola oil only. Micro-hymenopteran wasps were also significantly attracted to canola oil-treated Chinook hops. Abundance of O. tristicolor was significantly greater in the vicinity of canola-oil/MeSA and canola oil/HA-treated than untreated wine grape plants. Abundance of the grape leafhopper parasitoids Anagrus spp. was significantly greater around all treated than in untreated grape plants. Experiments provided circumstantial field evidence of a signaling function for MeSA, HA and methyl jasmonate in Concord juice grapes, when wasps from two families of hymenopterous parasitoids (Mymaridae, Encyrtidae) were attracted to vines exposed to airborne volatiles of these compounds. Other researchers have shown treatment of plants with the plant hormone/signal, jasmonic acid, results in increased emission of plant volatiles, which in turn results in attraction of predators and parasitoids. Experiments also showed that treatment of field tomatoes with jasmonic acid resulted in higher parasitism of the moth pest, Spodoptera exigua, compared to control plots. Recently, application of a botanical extract made from the syringa tree (Melia azedarach) to cabbage plants, increased plant volatile emission and attracted the wasp parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae. PARTICIPANTS: David G. James, Tessa Grasswitz, and Deborah Brooks, Washington State University, and cooperator hop yards and vineyards TARGET AUDIENCES: Hop, wine and juice grape growers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
These field experiments suggest botanical oil pesticides containing plant compounds like MeSA and HA may induce indirect defense responses in hop and wine grape plants, strongly influenced by cultivar, resulting in increased attraction of certain insect predators and parasitoids. It seems likely hop and wine grape plants exposed to the botanical oil sprays altered their physiology, resulting in attraction of certain predators and parasitoids. The most plausible explanation is that the plants were `signaled' by MeSA, HA or other plant-derived compounds to emit a blend of volatiles to recruit `bodyguards' or natural enemies of herbivorous arthropods, as an indirect defense strategy. Exposure to MeSA and HA was likely interpreted by the plants as evidence of pest attack against nearby plants and a warning to defend themselves. These field experiments provide further circumstantial evidence for a signaling or elicitor function of MeSA and HA in hops and wine grapes and provide optimism that these compounds can be used in crop protection programs to increase biological control.

Publications

  • Grasswitz, T.R., and D.G. James. 2008. Biology, phenology and control of Hypena humuli (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an emerging pest of US hops (Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae). Internat.l J. of Pest Management 54:333-338.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: HOP ENTOMOLOGY PROGRAM Cost-effective production of hops in south central Washington is threatened annually by insect and mite pests, primarily hop aphid, twospotted spider mite and hop looper. Control of these pests remains dependent on the use of insecticides and miticides. However, good progress has been made since 1999 in research, development and adoption of conservation biological control (recruitment and maintenance of natural enemies), as an additional management strategy. GRAPE ENTOMOLOGY PROGRAM Research on the insect and mite pests of Washington's grape industry produces pest management systems that are cost-effective, practical, sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Great strides have been made in recent years in reducing pesticide inputs, increasing biological controls and making Washington vineyards a great example of low-input and sustainable viticulture. Current research projects include development of synthetic plant volatiles to attract beneficial insects to vineyards and testing of various nectar-bearing ground covers to help retain them. Low-input management systems are also being developed for rust and bud mites, the newest grape pests to arrive in eastern Washington. PARTICIPANTS: David G. James, Larry Wright, VInce Hebert, Deborah Brooks, Victor Reyna, Oscar Garcia, Tessa Grasswitz TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers, hop growers, and industry personnel

Impacts
Development and adoption of biological control in concert with reduced risk pesticides that are safe to beneficial insects, has reduced pesticide inputs in hop production. Current research is pioneering the use of synthetic plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects, which will further enhance biological control and improve sustainability of hop production. Extension of the data flowing from our viticultural research is steadily modifying and optimizing IPM strategies in Washington vineyards, helping to produce quality products with minimal chemical inputs.

Publications

  • James, D.G., and W.E.Snyder. 2007. Identity, abundance, and phenology of Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) associated with grape, blackberry and rose in Washington State. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 100:41-52.
  • Stevens, M., D.Madge, D.G.James, L.Schiller, and S.Diffey. 2007. Management of volunteer ground cover does not influence densities of key Iridomyrmex spp (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with honeydew-producing Homoptera in south eastern Australian citrus groves. Journal of Applied Entomology = Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie. 131:532-536.
  • Wright, L., and D.G.James. 2007. Anagrus spp (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) reared from plants collected during winter in south central Washington and north central Oregon. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia. 104:17-24.
  • Walton, V., A.J.Dreves, D.Gent, D.G.James, R.R.Martin, U.Chambers, and P.A.Skinkis. 2007. Relationship between rust mites Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa), bud mites Colomerus vitis (Pagenstacher) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and short shoot syndrome in Oregon vineyards. International Journal of Acarology 33(4):307-318.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Development of Herbivore-Induced Plant Protection Odors (HIPPOs) as IPM tools for Wine Grapes: The potential for using synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) as a cultural tool to enhance conservation biological control of insects and mites is being researched in grapes in Washington State. Results to date indicate that a number of natural enemy species in the families, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae (lacewings), Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs), Geocoridae (bigeyed bugs), Miridae (predatory plant bugs), Coccinellidae (ladybeetles), Syrphidae (hover flies), Braconidae (parasitic wasps), Empididae (predatory flies) are attracted to sticky traps baited with aqueous methyl salicylate (MeSA), hexenyl acetate, farnesene or octyl aldehyde. Vineyards baited with controlled release sachet (CRS) dispensers of MeSA recruit larger populations of some insect predators e.g. Stethorus punctum picipes (mite-eating ladybeetle), Orius tristicolor (minute pirate bug), Chrysopa nigricornis and Chrysopa oculata (green lacewings) than unbaited blocks. The use of synthetic HIPVs/plant-signalling compounds as "Herbivore-Induced Plant Protection Odors" (HIPPOs) has the potential to provide a novel yet practical strategy for improving the efficacy and reliability of conservation biological control in a variety of agricultural ecosystems including vineyards. Effect of Applaud (buprofezin) on survival of immature stages of the ladybeetles Harmonia axyridis, and Stethorus punctum picipes, and the predatory bugs, Orius tristicolor and Geocoris spp: The effect of Applaud (buprofezin), a chitin synthesis inhibitor registered for use against leafhoppers and mealybugs on grapes, on development and survival of immature stages of two ladybeetles (Harmonia axyridis, Stethorus punctum picipes) and on three predatory bugs (Orius tristicolor, Geocoris pallens, Geocoris punctipes), was examined in a series of laboratory bioassays. Very few H. axyridis larvae (3.1%) treated with buprofezin reached adulthood although 65% of treated pupae emerged successfully. Buprofezin caused no mortality to eggs of S. punctum picipes but 71.1% of treated early instar larvae failed to complete development. Eighty per cent of treated late instars and 92.3% of pupae produced viable adults. Early instar nymphs of O. tristicolor were unaffected by buprofezin, while 47.7 and 85% of G. punctipes and G. pallens nymphs, respectively, failed to complete development. Treated eggs of G. pallens hatched successfully. The use of buprofezin in integrated pest management in Washington State wine grapes is discussed. Overwintering of the mite-eating ladybeetle, Stethorus punctillum) in a vineyard: In 2004 and 2005 a large population of the mite-eating ladybeetle, Stethorus punctillum, was found overwintering in a Washington State University (WSU) Concord Grape vineyard on the Roza. Biological and ecological studies are being conducted on this population in an effort to better understand the seasonality and value of this predator to biological control of grape mites.

Impacts
This research program is benefiting the Washington wine grape industry by developing pest management systems that are cost-effective, practical, sustainable and environmentally acceptable. The project's pest management research is beginning to alter management practices in vineyards. For example, growers now have the opportunity to use pesticides identified by this research to be compatible with biological control agents, rather than materials that are disruptive to vineyard ecology. This project has developed the first contemporary database (continually being updated) on pesticide compatibility with important beneficial arthropods found in WA vineyards. Using predator-friendly chemicals enhances the efficacy and reliability of biological control which ultimately reduces the amount of pesticides used and production costs. Increased knowledge of biological control systems operating or able to operate in vineyards, enables optimal and practical use of these environmental 'services' by grape growers. Specific examples are cultural modifications (planting overwintering plant hosts for leafhopper parasitoids) to improve leafhopper biocontrol and chemical modifications (minimizing sulfur inputs) for improving biocontrol of spider mites. The groundbreaking research on HIPPO being conducted at WSU-Prosser has the potential to yield major benefits to WA grape growers by further improving the reliability of conservation biological control. The successes achieved in this research to date provide a great deal of optimism that commercial application of this strategy can be achieved.

Publications

  • James, D.G., and W.E. Snyder. 2006. Effects of generalist phytoseiid mites and grapevine canopy structure on spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) biocontrol. Environ. Entomol. 35:56-67.
  • James, D.G. 2006. Methyl salicylate is a field attractant for the golden-eyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata. Biocontrol Science and Technology 16:107-110.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Implementation of biological control strategies in commercial hop yards reduced levels of pesticide use. The use of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as a way of enhancing early season predator populations continued to be explored and shows great potential for hop pest management. One miticide was examined for efficacy in a hop yard trial conducted during June-August. Data were obtained on the impact of various miticide/aphicides on pests and natural enemies in commercial hop yards. A hop yard trial was conducted on the impact of fungicides on natural enemy populations. Aphid strains were collected for preliminary testing for imidacloprid resistance. A hop yard trial was conducted to obtain data on the impact of different fungicide regimes on population development of mites and aphids.

Impacts
The research had a significant impact on hop production in 2005, by demonstrating that insecticide and miticide inputs can be substantially reduced when synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are used. In a sample of 10 hop yards (5 using HIPVs), 5 not using HIPVs), an average of 0.6 miticide applications were made in the HIPV yards compared to 2 in the control yards. Similarly, an average of 1 aphicide was applied in the HIPV yards compared to 2.25 in the control yards. The quantity and quality of hop cones produced in these yards did not differ between HIPV and control.

Publications

  • James, D.G. (2005). Further evaluation of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31: 493-507.
  • James, D.G. and Castle, S. (2005). Conservation biological control and HIPPOs in arthropod pest management in Washington hops. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 668 I International Humulus Symposium http://www.actahort.org/books/668/ .
  • James, D.G. and Grasswitz, T.R. (2005) Field attraction of parasitic wasps, Metaphycus spp. and Anagrus spp. to synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Biocontrol 50: 871-880.
  • James, D.G., Castle, S.C., Grasswitz, T. and Reyna, V. (2005). Using synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles to enhance conservation biological control in hops and grapes. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods 192-205.
  • Wright, L.C., Cone, W.W. and James, D.G. (2005). Sources of spring and fall hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Homoptera: Aphididae) migrants in south central Washington. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 102, 21-26.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR 2004 AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS: 1. Study the biology and ecology of mites and aphids and their natural enemies in the laboratory and in the hop agroecosystem. Continue to conduct on-farm demonstrations of biological control using endemic natural enemies. Investigate the potential of using synthetic plant volatiles to recruit/sustain predators and enhance biological control. Promote IPM/biological control strategies to hop growers by education and demonstration. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Implementation of biological control strategies in commercial hop yards reduced levels of pesticide use. The use of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as a way of enhancing early season predator populations was explored and shows great potential for hop pest management 2. Screen and evaluate new specific miticides and aphicides in the laboratory and field for efficacy against twospotted mite and hop aphid and safety to beneficial insects and mites. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Three miticides and one aphicide were examined for efficacy in two hop yard trials conducted during June-August. Full, half and quarter field rates of 13 miticides, 15 insecticides and 13 fungicides have now been tested for safety to 5-8 species of beneficial arthropod. 3. Evaluate mite and aphid strains from hop yards and other sources for side-effects and susceptibility to currently used pesticides. Establish baseline toxicity levels as a reference for resistance detection. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The susceptibility of twospotted mite to pymetrozine, sulfur, lime sulfur, mycobutanil and trifloxystrobin was examined.

Impacts
Cost-effective production of hops in south central Washington is threatened annually by insect and mite pests. Control of these pests remains dependent on the use of insecticides and miticides. However, progress has been made in research, development and adoption of conservation biological control, as an additional management strategy enabling a reduction in dependence on chemical inputs. Continued development and adoption of integrated management strategies based on biological control, is needed to enhance the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of the Washington hop industry. This project will continue the research needed for development and adoption of practical integrated management strategies for arthropod pests of hops. This research is justified by the need to move away from pesticide-based control of insects and mites on hops. Continued dependence on pesticides will result in increasing costs and diminished efficacy, as mites and aphids develop resistance and chemical companies struggle to find replacement chemicals. Government and community pressures to reduce environmental contamination by pesticides and stricter market requirements on acceptable residue levels, will also reduce the viability of pesticide-based arthropod management on hops in the future. This research program has produced tangible economic benefits for hop growers. Adoption of our IPM-based management recommendations has lead in some instances to substantial cost savings through reductions in miticide/aphicide use of 50-75%.

Publications

  • Barbour,J., James, D.G. and Gingrich, J. (2004). Hop pests. In McGrath, D. (Ed.) Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, OSU, Oregon.
  • James, D.G. (2004). Effect of buprofezin on survival of immature stages of Harmonia axyridis, Stethorus punctum picipes (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Geocoridae). J. of Econ. Entomology 97: 900-904.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
During June-September 2001 and 2002, vineyard or grape sampling sites were established in five grape-growing appellations of southcentral WA and northern OR. Forty eight sites, classified as high, low or no-input according to historical and proposed pesticide inputs, were sampled in 2001 and 30 in 2002. Most of the no-input sites were non-commercial i.e, they were abandoned or feral with no chemicals or irrigation. Sampling commenced in June with 50 leaves taken from each site. A modified leaf blower was used as a suction sampler of arthropods in grape canopies. All samples were stored in cool boxes, transported to the laboratory and examined under a steromicroscope. The spider mite fauna of WA grapes in 2001 and 2002 was dominated by Tetranychus mcdanieli and T. urticae. The phytoseiid, Galendromus occidentalis was the dominant predatory mite species, although other species like Typlodromus citri and Metaseiulus flumensis were sometimes common. Spider mite densities were significantly lower at sites with no pesticide input but there was no difference in densities between low and high-input sites (2001: P = 0.012, n = 48, df = 2). There was a trend of higher spider mite populations in vineyards that used multiple applications of sulfur. There were no significant differences in phytoseiid population densities between inputs (2001: P = 0.144, n = 48, df = 2). However, when phytoseiids were divided into generalist and specialist feeding types, there were significantly lower generalist densities at sites with high pesticide-input (P = 0.039, n = 48, df = 2). Densities of specialist phytoseiids were similar at sites of different input. Tydeid mite (fungivores and alternative prey for phytoseiids) densities were significantly higher in no-input sites (2001: P = 0.001, n = 48, df = 2). Non-phytoseiid spider mite predators (e.g. Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Geocorinae, Nabidae etc) were significantly more abundant in no-input sites (P = 0.0001, n = 48, df = 2). Spider mite densities peaked in June while phytoseiid, tydeid and non-phytoseiid spider mite predator densities remained similar throughout the season.

Impacts
A clear understanding of the effect of pesticide inputs in WA vineyards on the incidence and abundance of pest and beneficial mites, should allow manipulation of spray programs to take advantage of endemic biological control systems. This will reduce grape production costs and chemical contamination of produce and the environment, while increasing fruit quality and sustainability.

Publications

  • James, D.G and Price, T.S. 2003. Field-testing of methyl salicylate for recruitment and retention of beneficial insects in grapes and hops. J. of Chem. Ecol. 29:1601-1609.
  • James, D.G. (2002). Evaluation of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects. Environ. Entomol. 32:977-982
  • James, D.G. 2003. Grape pests. In. McGrath D. (Ed.). Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, OSU, Oregon, pp. 143-149.
  • James, D.G. and Francesco, J. 2003. Currant and Gooseberry pests. In. McGrath, D. (Ed.). Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. OSU, Oregon, pp. 141-142.
  • James, D.G. 2003. Pesticide susceptibility of tow coccinellids (Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) and Harmonia axyridis Pallas)important in biological control of mites and aphids in Washington hops. Biocontrol Sci. and Tech. 13:253-259.
  • James, D.G. 2003. Field evaluation of herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects: Methyl salicylate and the green lacewing, Chrysopa nigricornis. J. of Chem. Ecol. 29:1601-1609.
  • James, D.G. Synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as field attractants for beneficial insects. Proc. of the 2003 British Crop Prot. Council Internat. Congr. pp. 1217-1222.
  • James, D.G., Petroski, R.J., Cosse, A., Zilkowski, B.W. and Bartelt, R.J. 2003. Bioactivity, synthesis and chirality of currant stem girdler, Janus integer. J. of Chem. Ecol. 29:2189-2199.
  • Prischmann, D.A. and James, D.G. 2003. Phytoseiidae on unsprayed vegetation in southcentral Washington: Implications for biological control of spider mites on wine grapes. Internat. J. of Acarol. 29:279-287.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
A pest management program based entirely on biological control was again successful in maintaining mite and aphid populations below economic injury thresholds in a WSU hop yard. This is the third consecutive season in which a harvestable crop has been produced without chemical intervention. Biological and ecological studies on the arthropod fauna in this yard provide a model of biological control. Implementation of biological control strategies in three commercial hop yards reduced levels of pesticide use. The use of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as a way of enhancing early season predator populations was explored and shows potential. Five miticides (two new) and five aphicides (one new) were examined for efficacy in two hop yard trials conducted during June-August. Full, half and quarter field rates of 13 miticides, 15 insecticides and 11 fungicides have now been tested for safety to 5-8 species of beneficial arthropod.

Impacts
Development of a practical and sustainable arthropod management program in hops which is based on conservation biological control, is beginning to provide significant benefits to growers. Pesticide inputs and costs are being reduced, while efficacv and sustainability of pest management are being increased.

Publications

  • James, D. G. 2002. Selectivity of the miticide, bifenazate, and aphicide, pymetrozine, to spider mite predators in Washington hops. Internat. J. of Acarology 28:175-179.
  • James, D.G. 2002. Imidacloprid and mites: Good news and bad news. Good Fruit and Vegetables 12:41.
  • James, D.G. 2002. Toxicity of imidacloprid and selectivity of bifenazate and pymetrozine to three phytoseiids. XI Internat. Congress of Acarology, Merida, Mexico (Sept.).
  • James, D.G., Price, T.S. and Wright, L.C. 2002. Biological control of mites on hops: The assemblage approach. XI Internat. Congress of Acarology, Merida, Mexico (Sept).
  • James, D.G., Price, T.S., and Wright, L.C. 2002. Conservation biological control of mites in Washington hops. Acarological Soc. of Am. Ann. Mtg., Ft. Lauderdale, FL (Nov.).
  • James, D.G. and Price, T.S. 2002. Fecundity in twospotted mite (Acari:Tetranychidae) is increased by direct and systemic exposure to imidacloprid. J. of Econ. Entomol. 95:729-732.
  • James, D.G., Price, T.S., and Wright, L.C. 2002. Mites and aphids in Washington hops: Candidates for augmentative or conservation biological control? First Internat. Symp. on Biol. Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, HI (Jan).
  • Price, T.S. and James, D.G. 2002. Pesticide stimulation of egg production in twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. XI Internat. Cong. of Acarology, Merida, Mexico


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Two new miticides and an aphicide were trialed for efficacy against twospotted spider mite, Teranychus urticae, and hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, in WSU-Prosser hop yards. Multiple applications of four miticides, four insecticides and a fungicide were evaluated separately for their impact on mite and aphid populations. Ten miticides, eight insecticides and five fungicides were evaluated in the laboratory for toxicity against five predator species. Data on the impact of two miticides and two insecticides on natural enemy populations, as well as their efficacy against pests, were obtained from three commercial hop yards. Data on the impact of multiple applications of four fungicides on spider mite and predatory mite populations were obtained from a WSU-Prosser yard. The fecundity-stimulating effect of imidacloprid (Provado/Admire) on twospotted mite was confirmed in laboratory tests. Baseline susceptibility data were obtained for bifenazate and fenpyroximate against twospotted mite.

Impacts
This project will continue the research needed for development of practical integrated management strategies for arthropod pests of hops in south central Washington. This research is justified by the need to move away from pesticide-based control of insects and mites on hops. Continued dependence on insecticides and miticides will result in ever-increasing costs and diminished efficacy, as mites and aphids continue to develop resistance and chemical companies struggle to find replacement chemicals. Government and community pressures to reduce environmental contamination by pesticides and stricter market requirements on acceptable residue levels, will also reduce the viability of pesticide-based arthropod management on hops in the new millennium. This research will deliver management systems for arthropod pests of hops that are cost effective, sustainable and environmentally benign.

Publications

  • James, D.G. and Vogele, B. 2001. The effect of imidacloprid on survival of some beneficial arthropods. Plant Protection Quarterly 16: 58-62.
  • James, D.G., Price, T.S., Wright, L.C. and Perez, J. 2001. Mite abundance and phenology on escaped and commercial hops in WA State, USA. International J. of Acarology 27:151-156.
  • Barbour, J., Gingrich, G. and James, D.G. 2001. Hop pests In: McGrath, D. (Ed.) Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, OSU, Oregon.
  • Coyle, J. and James, D.G. 2001. Screening the impact of pesticides on the survival and function of beneficial arthropods in hops and grapes in WA. Proc. of the 60th Annual Pacific Northwest Insect Management Conf., Portland, Oregon
  • James, D.G. and Price, T.S. 2001. Increased fecundity in a beneficial and pest mite species caused by exposure to a chloronicotinyl insecticide. Ent. Soc. of America, Annual Meeting, San Diego, December 2001.
  • James, D.G., Price, T.S., Wright, L.C. and Perez, J. 2001. An assemblage approach to biological control of mites and aphids on hops. Ent. Soc. of America, Annual Meeting, San Diego, December 2001.
  • Price, T.S. and James, D.G. 2001. Keep it complex: Biological control in WA hop yards. Pacific Branch Meeting of the Ent. Soc. of America, Park City, Utah.
  • Price, T.S. and James, D.G. 2001. Prospects for biological control of mites and aphids in WA hop yards. Proc. of the 60th Annual PNW Insect Management Conf., Portland, Oregon, January, 2001.
  • Wright, L.C. and James, D.G. 2001. Parasitoids of hop aphids on prunus in the spring. Proc. of the 60th Annual PNW Insect Management Conf., Portland, Oregon
  • Wright, L.C. and James, D.G. 2001. Relative abundance of hop aphid parasitoids (Homoptera:Aphididae) on Prunus during spring in WA. Pacific Branch Meeting of the Ent. Soc. of America, Park City, Utah.