Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience includes agricultural producers, farmers and landowners, agricultural services and businesses, government organizations, certified crop advisers, certified nutrient management planners, Technical Service Providers, and manure applicators. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The increased understanding and management knowledge of no-tillage and reduced tillage, nutrient management, manure injection, cover crops, new cropping systems, and new crop and forage varieties has resulted in significant advances for Pennsylvania agriculture. This knowledge has been disseminated at hundreds of educational meetings, field days and conference presentations. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The understanding and knowledge gained was disseminated in Penn State's Field Crop News, popular press articles (Lancaster Farming, Progressive Forage Grower, Forage and Grassland News) and hundreds of educational meetings, field days and conferences. We also produced 5 videos viewed more than 5000 times. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. Crop, soil and weed management Over the past six years we have been evaluating two diverse, 6-year no-till crop rotations designed to produce all the feed, forage and some tractor fuel for a typical-sized PA 65 cow, 240 acre dairy farm. In each 6-year crop rotation we compared enhanced conservation practices for manure or weed and insect management to typical no-till PA cropping practices. Using the crop yield and quality results of each year and a dairy nutrition computer model, we simulated milk production and compared the whole farm performance of two cropping scenarios (the two, 6-year enhanced conservation cropping systems compared to the two, 6-year typical no-till cropping systems). The cropping scenarios have produced the majority of the dairy feed and forage, and were profitable over a range of weather and market conditions. Manure injection conserved more nutrients, required on average 33% less inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and maintained similar crop yields. The reduced herbicide practices controlled weeds and maintained crop yield and quality similarly to the standard herbicide system in most crops in most years. Ten on-farm research trials were established on dairy farms throughout Pennsylvania each fall from 2010-2013 as part of the project 'without carrot or stick'. This project aimed to increase cover crop use after corn silage, especially on small and medium-sized dairy farms, through our extension system. Each year, about 7 different cover crops or cover crop mixtures were evaluated on each farm. Biomass was collected to determine cover crop growth and nutrient content was determined to evaluate nutrient uptake. Field walks were held at the farm sites in late fall and spring, and articles, winter presentations, webinars, and videos were produced. The impact of this project was measured using remote sensing. Remote sensing data suggest cover crop use increased dramatically over the project period. In a four county area, cover crop use after corn increased almost 100,000 acres over the four years of the project. The overall goal for the reduced-tillage organic cropping systems experiment (ROSE) was to develop reduced-tillage organic feed grain production systems. Experiments were conducted in PA, MD, and DE in 2011 - 2014. We demonstrated that consistently high biomass production of hairy vetch-triticale and cereal rye cover crops and crimping-rolling allowed organic no-till in the Mid-Atlantic. It proved challenging to maintain high corn and soybean populations in these very high residue situations due to limitations of no-till planting equipment. The highest corn grain yield was 9.63 Mg ha-1 at MD 2013 and was achieved with 70% stand. Maximum soybean yield was 4.71 Mg ha-1 at MD in 2011. The maximum soybean yield was 4.40 Mg ha-1 at MD in 2012 with a population at 49% of the seeding rate. In reduced tillage organic grain production systems, cash crop planting is delayed to avoid early-season weed competition. Planting after the peak of summer annual weed germination can help minimize the number of weeds germinating with the cash crop. Delaying planting also maximizes cover crop biomass which further suppresses weed emergence. In PA, weed biomass was lower than in MD and DE. In PA and MD weed biomass was greater in corn than in soybeans managed with reduced tillage which contrasted with the DE weed pressure differences. High residue cultivation decreased weed biomass by 65% in PA and about 30% in MD and DE, relative to non- cultivated plots. 2. Nutrient management and soil fertility Over this project we have focused our research on improving the efficiency of manure and nitrogen management in crop-livestock systems while at the same time minimizing nutrient losses to the environment. We have done extensive work evaluating new technologies for manure management in no-till cropping systems (Maguire et al., 2011). Our research has shown clearly that low disturbance manure injection systems can reduce ammonia loss from dairy manure by over 90% while maintaining the integrity of the no-till system (Dell et al., 2011) and providing a positive economic return to the farmer (Rotz, et al., 2011). The same research has demonstrated a reduction in the loss of P in runoff using the same injection system (Johnson, et al., 2011). Related research with swine manure evaluate and aerator as an alternative manure incorporation system and found that the configuration of the aerator dramatically changes the effectiveness for reducing ammonia loss from no reduction to over 65% reduction (Myers et al., 2013). We have also studied the losses of N and P from winter manure application. This research has shown that soil temperature and placement of the manure relative to the snow on the soil surface are critical factors influencing the loss of nutrients (Williams et al., 2012a, Williams et al., 2012b). A significant reduction in odor was also observed with low disturbance injection of liquid manure (Brandt, et al., 2011). Research with animal scientists was conducted that showed the relationship between higher dietary protein fed to dairy cows resulting in high ammonia emissions and urinary N losses from the resulting manure (Lee, et al., 2014). Building on previous work, we have continued to work on improving the decision support system for improving P management to minimize environmental impacts of manure and fertilizer P. This ongoing work is moving us toward release of the next generation Phosphorus Index (Sharpley et al., 2012). This work has been used extensively in our extension nutrient management programs. A new factsheet on "Nutrient management to improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Reduce Environmental losses" was published (Clark and Beegle, 2014). 3. Genetic resources in grain and forage We have evaluated variety performance of commercial winter wheat, winter barley, soybeans, corn for grain and corn for silage during the past six years and have provided this information in a timely manner to commercial seedsmen and crop producers. This has included a total of approximately 180 trials. These have included both standard commercial varieties and also new seed products with value added traits such as BMR corn hybrids, conventional soybeans, hulless barley, malting barley and hybrid rye. All of these have led to some adoption of these value added varieties. As part of this program we identified several lines (Scala, Wintmalt and SY Typee) that had superior yield and winterhardiness for use in our region. These lines have been adopted by most of the malt houses in the state as part of their program. In another effort we have worked to develop the technique of interseeding cover crops in corn. We have developed seed and herbicide recommendations for the practice, provided guidance for crop insurance approval and developed trials to improve the success in 2015. Based on our efforts the practice is increasing in adoption with more than 1000 acres seeded in NY and Pennsylvania in 2015 and over 2000 acres nationwide. This has resulted in more than $60000 in cover crop seed sales for supporting seed companies and considerable environmental and economic benefits to producers. We also conducted comprehensive evaluations of nearly 150 alfalfa varieties and 183 cool-season forage grass varieties and completed research on the efficacy of alternative phosphorus fertilizer sources, optimum management of roundup resistant alfalfa in the forage system of Pennsylvania dairy farms and harvest management effects on yield and quality of reduced lignin alfalfa.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Adler, P. R., B. M. Rau, and G.W.Roth. 2015. Sustainability of corn stover harvest strategies in Pennsylvania. BioEnergy Research 8(3): 1310-1320.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ben Tracy, Ken Albrecht, Joao Flores, Marvin Hall, Anowarul Islam, Gordon Jones, Bill Lamp, Jennifer MacAdam, Howard Skinner, and Chris Teutsch. 20xx. Evaluation of Alfalfa-Tall Fescue Mixtures across Multiple Environments. Crop Science (Accepted but not yet published)
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Boone, W., S.D. Harkcom and M.H. Hall. 2015 Forage Trials Report. Penn State University.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2011 Citation: Brandt , R. C., H. A. Elliott, M. A. A. Adviento-Borbe, E. F. Wheeler, P. J. A. Kleinman and D. B. Beegle. 2011. Field Olfactometry Assessment of Dairy Manure Land Application Methods. Journal of Environmental Quality 40:431-437.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hively, W.D., Duiker, S., McCarthy, G., and Prabhakara, K. 2015. Remote sensing to monitor cover crop adoption in southeastern Pennsylvania. J. Soil and Water Conservation 70:340-352.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2011 Citation: Johnson, K.N., P.J.A. Kleinman, D.B. Beegle, H.A. Elliott, and L.S. Saporito. 2011. Effect of dairy manure slurry application in a no-till system on phosphorus runoff. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 90:201212
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lauer, J.G., G.W. Roth and M. Zarnstorff. 2014. Predicting grain yield using starch content and adjuster methods. Agronomy Journal 106: 2209-2214
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Caswell, K., E. Synder, W. Curran, H. Karsten, and G. Malcolm. 2015. Impact of adaptive management on weed control in a long-term Dairy cropping system. NEWSS 32:69. - 150
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ciolkosz, D., R. Hilton, C.Swackhammer, H.Yi, V.M. Puri, D. Swomely, and G. Roth. 2014. Farm scale biomass pelletizer performance for switchgrass pellet production. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 31(4): 559-567. (doi: 10.13031/aea.31.10803)
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Clark, K. and D. Beegle, 2014. Nutrient management to improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Reduce Environmental losses. Penn State Extension, University Park, PA.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Curran. 2015. High residue cultivation as an integrated weed management tactic in no-till corn and soybean. NEWSS 5:69. - 150
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2011 Citation: Maguire, R.O., P.J.A. Kleinman, C.J. Dell, D.B. Beegle, R.C. Brandt, J.M. McGrath, and Q.M. Ketterings. 2011. Manure Application Technology in Reduced Tillage and Forage Systems: A Review. J. Environ. Qual. 40:292-301
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Malcolm, GM, GGT Camargo, VA Ishler, TL Richard, HD Karsten. 2015. Energy and greenhouse gas analysis of northeast US dairy cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 199, 407-417.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2011 Citation: Rotz, C. A., P. J. A. Kleinman, C. J. Dell, T. L. Veith and D. B. Beegle . 2011. Environmental and Economic Comparisons of Manure Application Methods in Farming Systems. Journal of Environmental Quality. 40:438-448
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Sharpley, A.N., D. Beegle, C. Bolster, L. Good, B. Joern, Q. Ketterings, J. Lory, R. Mikkelsen, D. Osmond, and P. Vadas. 2012. Phosphorus Indicies:Why we need to take stock of how we are doing. JEQ 41:1711-1719
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: VanGessel M, Keene CL, Curran W, Dempsey MA, Mirsky S, Ryan M, Scott B (2014) Cover crop management in the ROSE: the good, the bad, and the weedy. Proceedings of the Weed Science Society of America, Vancouver, B.C. Access: http://wssaabstracts.com/public/22/proceedings.html
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Williams, M.R., G.W. Feyereisen, D.B. Beegle, and R.D. Shannon. 2012. Soil temperature regulates phosphorus loss from lysimeteres following fall and winter manure application. Transactions of the ASABE 55:871-880.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Certified crop advisors; extension educators; university students; crop producers; livestock and poultry producers; animal nutritionists; State, Federal, and local government agencies; and seed inspection analysts for the PA Department of Agriculture. Changes/Problems: Adoption of low disturbance manure injection has continued in several areas of the state. Recommendations for use of N additives have been updated through extension programs. The soybean variety testing program has helped to verify the yield potential of top performing GMO and non GMO soybean lines. The corn silage program has led to an excellent database of performance information for producers and the development of other research projects. The barley program has helped to develop and identify new hulless barley lines for potential use as alternatives to corn in layer feeding operations. Our wheat testing program led to the development of a new program focusing on the assessment of specialty wheats for local flour production. We participated again in the Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Center. Including micronutrient supplements as BMPs increased production of alfalfa. Evaluation of cover crop mixtures after corn silage has contributed to an increase of the use of cover crops after corn silage. Annual ryegrass seeded in mid- September yielded an average of 12.6 Mg/ha the following spring with excellent quality (NDF of 41 and NDFd of 53). Producers adopting this practice could reduce soil erosion and weed infestation, increase soil organic matter and still harvest significant forage. The data are used to calibrate the Chesapeake Bay model. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training sessions were held for county educators, government agencies and industry in the spring and fall of 2014. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The physical research area and results were utilized in multiple field days for producers. In addition, field days were held on farms at 5 locations across Pennsylvania in 2014. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue conducting research and publishing our findings in both professional journals, farm oriented publications and electronic media.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We finished our final cropping season in our rotational no-till organic systems experiment (ROSE) that was funded by the USDA-OREI program. This was a four-year project that examined reduced-tillage in organic corn, soybean and wheat in rotation. In ROSE we demonstrated consistently high biomass production of hairy vetch/triticale and cereal rye cover crops across a gradient of sites in the mid-Atlantic, but volunteer cover crops can be problematic due to seed set. We also concluded that improving no-till planting equipment that can handle the challenges of extremely high residue environments will be necessary to increase corn and soybean populations that are critical for maintaining competitive yields. Weed management varied across locations; when weed seed banks were initially low at the beginning of the experiment, good weed control was achieved over the three-year rotation, but high weed seed banks challenged the suppressive ability of the cover crop mulches. Cost of production budgets are being prepared for each year and phase of the rotation and will include partial enterprise budgets and break-even points for alternative management strategies. We evaluating the effect of mid-September to mid-October establishment dates on cover crop biomass production from early May to early June in Landisville (southeastern Pennsylvania, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6b) and Rock Springs (central Pennsylvania, Zone 6a).Early October established rye produced 1-7 Mg/ha biomass in early May and up to 12 Mg/ha by early June. Early October established wheat produced 0.5-4 Mg/ha in early May and up to 9 Mg/ha biomass by early June. Although they winterkilled in one year, early October established barley and annual ryegrass produced up to 4 Mg/ha biomass by early May and 9 Mg/ha in early June. Mid-September established forbs did not successfully survive the winter in Rock Springs. However, in Landisville, forbs established mid-September exceeded 1.5 Mg/ha biomass in early May every year for hairy vetch, and in two out of three years for crimson clover and rape. Biomass production was up to 7.5 Mg/ha for hairy vetch, 4.3 Mg/ha for crimson clover, and 6.9 Mg ha-1 for rape. Contrary to present ratings, annual ryegrass, crimson clover and rape show potential as winter-hardy cover crops in southern Pennsylvania. Evaluation continues on low disturbance dairy manure injection as a component of the NE Region SARE cropping Systems study. This evaluation includes agronomic performance and integration into a whole farming system approach. Leading a regional project to use field evaluations and modeling to improve the Phosphorus Index for the Mid-Atlantic region. Participating in the Center for Nutrient Solutions an EPA funded effort to develop strategies and tactics for reducing nutrient pollution. Developing strategies for soil sampling in fields with injected manure is ongoing. Our soybean evaluation trials had 175 entries spread across three locations and two maturity groups at each location. We have continued testing of potential high protein non-GMO lines in collaboration with USDA-ARS and Ohio State and have found leading lines have yields comparable to top Roundup Ready lines. We have also continued a comprehensive corn hybrid evaluation program, evaluating over 125 hybrids across four maturity zones for yield, dry matter and several key forage quality traits in conjunction with the Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania. Small grain variety evaluation tests were completed at two locations in central and southern Pennsylvania. For winter wheat, these included 56 entries that were evaluated for yield, test weight, heading date, height, and lodging. Individual yields, combined over both locations ranged from 5.4 to 6.9 Mg/ha. Nearly 60 alfalfa varieties and 51 cool-season forage grass varieties were evaluated as part of the Forage Variety Evaluation Program.

Publications

• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Antle, M.E. and G.W. Roth. 2014. 2013 Pennsylvania Soybean Performance Report. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/soybeans/soybean-variety-tests/2013-reports/2013-pennsylvania-soybean-performance-report/view
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Antle, M.E. and G.W. Roth. 2014. 2013-2014 Pennsylvania Small Grains Performance Trials. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/small/trial-reports
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Curran, W., M. Dempsey, C.L. Keene, S. Mirsky, M. Ryan, B. Scott, M. VanGessel, and L. Young L. 2014. An introduction to the Reduced-tillage organic systems experiment (ROSE). Proceedings the of Weed Science Society of America, Vancouver B.C. Access: http://wssaabstracts.com/public/22/proceedings.html
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Dempsey MA, M. Ryan, C.L. Keene, W. Curran, S. Mirsky, and M. VanGessel. 2014. Weed management in ROSE: The power of avoidance, suppression and supplemental control tactics. Proceedings of the Weed Science Society of America, Vancouver, B.C. Access: http://wssaabstracts.com/public/22/proceedings.html
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Derpsch, R., A.J. Franzluebbers, S.W. Duiker, D.C. Reicosky, K. Koeller, T. Friedrich, W.G. Sturny, J.C.M Sa, and K. Weiss. 2014. Why do we need to standardize no-tillage research? Soil and Tillage Research 137:14-22
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2014. Establishment and termination dates affect fall-established cover crops. Agronomy Journal 106:670-678.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hall, M.H. 2014. Annual Crops Can Boost Forage Production. Progressive Forage Grower. September 1, 2014. p. 18-20. http://www.progressiveforage.com/digital_edition/2014/08/#?page=18
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hall, M.H. 2014. What Has Extension Done for You Lately. Progressive Forage Grower. October 1, 2014. p. 35. http://www.progressiveforage.com/digital_edition/2014/09/#?page=34
• Type: Websites Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hall, M.H. 2014. Why Forage Quality Results Differ Between Labs. 2014. Progressive Forage Grower. November 1, 2014.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Houser, C., S.D. Harkcom and M.H. Hall. 2014. Penn States 2013 Forage Trials Report.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Karlen, D.L., S.J. Birrell, J.M.F. Johnson, S.L. Osborne, T.E. Schumacher, G.E. Varvel, R.B. Ferguson, J.M. Novak, J.R. Fredrick, J.M. Baker, J.A. Lamb, P.R. Adler, G.W. Roth and E.D. Nafziger. 2014. Multilocation corn stover harvest effects on crop yields and nutrient removal. BioEnergy Research 7:528-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9419-7.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Keene .C.L, M.A. Dempsey, W. Curran W, S. Mirsky, M. Ryan, and M. VanGessel. 2014. Corn, soybean and wheat performance in the ROSE. Proceedings of the Weed Science Society of America, Vancouver, B.C Access: http://wssaabstracts.com/public/22/proceedings.html
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lee, Chanhee, Gary W. Feyereisen, Alexander N. Hristov, Curtis J. Dell, Jason Kaye, and Douglas Beegle. 2014. Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Ammonia Volatilization, Nitrate Leaching, and Plant Nitrogen Uptake from Dairy Manure Applied to Lysimeters. JEQ 43:398-408.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mirsky S, W. Curran, M.A. Dempsey, C.L. Keene, M. Ryan, M., VanGessel, and L. Young. 2014. Engineering solutions to improve the biology: making cover crop-based no-till crop production work. Proceedings of the Weed Science Society of America, Vancouver B.C. Access: http://wssaabstracts.com/public/22/proceedings.html
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ryan M, W. Curran, M.A. Dempsey, C.L. Keene, S. Mirsky, and M.J. VanGessel. 2014. Putting the pieces together: regional recommendations from the ROSE. Proceedings of the Weed Science Society of America, Vancouver, B.C. Access: http://wssaabstracts.com/public/22/proceedings.html

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Certified crop advisors; extension educators; university students; crop producers; livestock and poultry producers; animal nutritionists; State, Federal, and local government agencies; and seed inspection analysts for the PA Department of Agriculture. Changes/Problems: In the NE SARE project, in two of three years, winter canola could not be planted in a timely manner after corn silage, and applying manure at planting after corn silage did not efficiently utilize manure nitrogen or supply canola nitrogen needs. Planting canola after alfalfa with manure applied at planting, did supply winter canola nitrogen needs and resulted in higher winter canola yields in the year when winter canola was planted in both rotations We found that slug-activity tends to increase at egg hatch in spring and in autumn when many slugs are adults, particularly during wet weather periods. Alfalfa planted in late summer/early fall suffered high slug herbivory and poor establishment when daylength and temperatures for seedling growth were declining. As a consequence of a few years of poor fall establishment, we do not recommend planting no-till alfalfa in late summer/early fall, but recommend planting alfalfa in early spring instead. By comparing red clover and hairy vetch as green manure for a subsequent corn crop, we found that underseeding red clover in spring into winter wheat provided multiple benefits over planting hairy vetch after wheat harvest. (could include this if you have space: including a fall forage harvest, fewer herbicide applications and higher farm profits). In the corn and soybean row crops, we reduced herbicide use by banding herbicides over the crop-row and cultivating twice compared to broadcasting herbicides and applying an additional post-emergent herbicide. The soybean variety testing program has helped to verify the yield potential of top performing GMO and non GMO soybean lines. The corn silage program has led to an excellent database of performance information for producers and the development of other research projects. The barley program has helped to develop and identify new hulless barley lines for potential use as alternatives to corn in layer feeding operations. Our wheat testing program led to the development of a new program focusing on the assessment of specialty wheats for local flour production. We participated again in the Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Center. Non-crimped alfalfa dried faster than crimped alfalfa during the first 4 hours of the study. Immediately after mowing, non-crimped alfalfa had higher carbon fixation than crimped alfalfa but this difference was not evident after 1 hour of drying. Grass seeding rate has limited effect on yield beyond the seeding year. Seeding smooth bromegrass in rows resulted in greater yields than broadcast seeding. Seeding method had little to no effect when seeding orchardgrass, timothy or tall fescue. There has been significant adoption of low disturbance manure injection in several areas of the state. Recommendations for use of N additives have been updated through extension programs. Evaluation of cover crop mixtures after corn silage has contributed to an increase of the use of cover crops after corn silage, which represents 30-50% of the corn acreage in Pennsylvania. The data are used to calibrate the Chesapeake Bay model. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? For the third season, we evaluated cover crops, planting date, and supplemental control using mechanical cultivation for their weed management contribution in an organic rotational no-till corn and soybean system (ROSE). In ROSE in 2013, we achieved our most successful corn and soybean populations and excellent cover crop control. As with previous years, weed suppression with rolled cover crops was good and it does not appear that supplemental cultivation improves weed management or crop yield, particularly in soybean. With our cover crop inter-seeder research we initiated a new project funded by a USDA-NRCS CIG grant that is exploring inter-seeding cover crops in corn across multiple locations in MD, NY, and PA. Our 2012 soybean evaluation trials had 175 entries spread across two locations and two maturity groups at each location. We have initiated testing of potential high protein non-GMO lines in collaboration with USDA-ARS and Ohio State. We have also continued a comprehensive corn hybrid evaluation program, evaluating over 125 hybrids across four maturity zones for yield, dry matter and several key forage quality traits in conjunction with the Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania. A focus this year has been evaluating starch digestibility. Small grain variety evaluation tests were completed at two locations in central and southern Pennsylvania. For winter wheat, these included 63 entries that were evaluated for yield, test weight, heading date, height, and lodging. Individual yields, combined over both locations ranged from 4.8 to 6.0 Mg/ha (http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc191.pdf). Nearly 75 alfalfa varieties and 42 cool-season forage grass varieties were evaluated as part of the Forage Variety Evaluation Program. In the NESARE dairy cropping systems study, integrated no-till strategies compared green manure crops, two rotations that integrated canola, and strategies to reduce herbicide inputs with multiple practices including mechanical cultivation were compared to a more standard no-till management strategy. Low disturbance dairy manure injection was another major component of the NE Region SARE cropping Systems study. This includes evaluation of agronomic performance and integration into a whole farming system approach. An environmental assessment is also included in this project with field scale lysimeters to monitor nutrient fate in these systems. Nitrogen additives to improve the availability and reduce losses of N from fertilizer and manure are being evaluated to determine management recommendations for using these products. Manure management for winter crops such as rye and canola is being studied. A new regional project to use field evaluations and modeling to improve the Phosphorus Index was begun. The third year of a project evaluating cover crop mixtures after corn silage on 10 dairy farms spread throughout Pennsylvania was completed. Biomass production, nutrient content, and forage value of mixtures was evaluated.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Antle, M.E. and G.W. Roth. 2011. 2011-2012 Pennsylvania Small Grains Performance Report. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc191.pdf.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keene C., W. Curran, M. Ryan, S. Mirsky, M. VanGessel, M. Dempsey, B. Scott, and L. Young. 2013. Reliance on cover crops for organic weed control in the mid-atlantic. Abstr. WSSA 57:194.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Lee, C., A.N Hristov, C.J. Dell, G.W. Feyereisen, J. Kaye, and D.B. Beegle. 2012. Effect of dietary protein concentration on ammonia and greenhouse gas emitting potential of dairy manure. J. Dairy Sci. 95:1930-1941.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mirsky, S.B., M.R. Ryan, J.R. Teasdale, W.S. Curran, C.S. Reberg-Horton, J.T. Spargo, M.S. Wells, C.L. Keene, and J.W. Moyer. 2013. Overcoming weed management challenges in cover crop-based organic rotational no-till soybean production in the eastern United States. Weed Technol. 27: 193-203.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Roth, G.W. 2013. Alternative forages are taking hold. Progressive Forage Grower. August 15, 2013. http://progressiveforage.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5099:alternative-forages-are-taking-hold&catid=93:featured-main-page
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Snyder, Elina. 2013. Evaluating Strategies for Reducing Herbicide Use in a No-till Dairy Cropping System. MS Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Snyder, E.M., W.S. Curran, H.D. Karsten, and G.M. Malcolm. 2012. Evaluating integrated weed management for no-till dairy cropping systems. Proc. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 66.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Snyder, E., W. Curran, H. Karsten, and G. Malcolm. 2013. Reducing herbicide use in a diverse no-till cropping system. Abstr. WSSA 57:192.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Stott, D. E., V. L. Jin, T. F. Ducey, D.L. Karlen, G.E. Varvel, J.M.F. Johnson, J.M. Baker, S.L. Osborne, J.M. Novak, P.R. Adler, G.W. Roth, S.J. Birrell. 2012. Influence of corn stover harvest on soil quality assessment at multiple locations across the U.S. In Proceedings from Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from www.sungrant.tennessee.edu/NatConference/.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Tracy B., K. Albrecht, J. Flores, M. Hall, A. Islam, G. Jones, W. Lamp, J. MacAdam, H. Skinner, and C. Teutsch. 2013. Forage yield, weed suppression and fertilizer nitrogen replacement value (FNRV) of alfalfa-tall fescue mixtures. Proceedings 17th European Grasslands Federation Symposium. Akureyri, Iceland. June 23-26, 2013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Williams, M. R., G.W. Feyereisen, D. B. Beegle, and R. D. Shannon. 2012. Soil Temperature Regulates Nitrogen Loss from Lysimeters following Fall and Winter Manure Application. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(3): 861-870

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In the NE Region SARE cropping systems study, integrated strategies that included reduced herbicide inputs, cover crops, and mechanical cultivation were compared to a more standard management strategy. In an organic cropping system experiment (ROSE), cover crops, planting date, and supplemental control using mechanical cultivation were evaluated for their weed management contribution in corn and soybean. Two dairy rotations compare how to integrate winter canola; it is planted after corn silage or after alfalfa with or without tillage. Our 2012 soybean evaluation trials had 175 entries spread across two locations and full season and double crop plantings. We continued evaluations of early and late soybean maturity groups in each location in response to producer input. We have also conducted a comprehensive corn hybrid evaluation program, evaluating 125 hybrids across four maturity zones for yield, dry matter and several key forage quality traits in conjunction with the Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania. Small grain variety evaluation tests were completed at two locations in central and southern Pennsylvania. For winter wheat, these included 63 entries that were evaluated for yield, test weight, heading date, height, and lodging. Individual yields ranged from 3.9 to 5.8 Mg/ha (http://smallgrains.psu.edu/). Winter barley variety evaluations at one location included 15 entries, including five hulless lines, with individual yields ranging from 1.7 to 4.9 Mg/ha. We have also developed and applied for a patent on a row crop interseeder and applicator and conducted six field demonstration/research plots across the state. The corn hybrid evaluation program evaluated 125 hybrids across four maturity zones for yield, dry matter and several key forage quality traits in conjunction with the Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania. Nearly 75 alfalfa varieties and 42 cool-season forage grass varieties were evaluated as part of the Forage Variety Evaluation Program. Experiments were conducted to monitor carbon flux of crimped and non-crimped alfalfa. We also studied the effect of seeding rate and method on yield of four cool-season, forage grasses. Work was continued with low disturbance manure injection in no-till systems both on the research farm and in on-farm demonstrations. Low disturbance dairy manure injection was a major component of the NE Region SARE cropping Systems study. This includes evaluation of agronomic performance and integration into a whole farming system approach. An environmental assessment is also included in this project with field scale lysimeters to monitor nutrient fate in these systems. A novel approach to injecting solid poultry litter was evaluated for agronomic performance at 6 locations across the state and a more detailed study including environmental evaluations was conducted on the research farm. We studied the effect of double cropping winter small grain silage crops (rye, Secale cereale L. and barley, Hordeum vulgare L.) on corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and annual silage yields and soil water balance in no till and compared that with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). PARTICIPANTS: Staff: Mark Antle, Jim Breining, John Shaffer, Alyssa Collins, Ronald Hoover, Scott Harkcom, Glenna Malcolm, Charlie White, Justin Dillon, Virginia Ishler, and Robert Meinen. Faculty: Curtis Dell, Peter Kleinman, John Tooker, and Thomas Richard. PA No-Till Alliance, Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Cooperating Seed Companies: Small Grains - AgriCulver Seeds, AgriPro Coker Wheat, Chemgro Seeds Wheat, Featherstone Seed, Inc., JGL, Inc.; Wheat - Ohio Seed Improvement Association, Pioneer Hi-Bred, Resource Seeds, Seedway, Inc., Steyer Seeds, Inc., Sunbeam Extract, UniSouth Genetics, Inc., Wilken Seed Grains, Inc. TARGET AUDIENCES: Certified crop advisers; extension educators; university students; crop producers; livestock and poultry producers; animal nutritionists; State, Federal, and local government agencies; and seed inspection analysts for the PA Department of Agriculture. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
In the NE SARE project, reduced herbicide management in corn and soybean resulted in 56% less herbicide, but higher weed densities and biomass. Corn yield did not differ, but soybean yield was 17% lower in the reduced herbicide treatments. Differences in yield were likely due to different planting dates, row spacing, and plant populations rather than weed management. In reduced herbicide alfalfa, one herbicide application was eliminated and 28 and 19% more forage was produced in 2011 and 2012, respectively as a result of using a fast growing companion mixture. However, NDF was higher and crude protein was lower than in the standard herbicide treatment. Slug herbivory and wet weather limited fall canola establishment; no-till canola yielded 45% less than canola after tillage. In ROSE in 2012, late cover crop termination resulted in greatest weed suppression in corn, but not in soybean. This work has indicated that weed suppression benefits obtained from delayed cover crop termination may be achievable without yield loss. The soybean variety testing program led to a good relationship with the PA Soybean Board and is used for variety selection. The silage program has led to an excellent database of performance information for producers. The barley program provided a basis for evaluating the potential of a winter cover crop that could be developed into a biofuel or a low cost alternative to corn. Through our support for development of a hulless barley market for poultry feed, a producer group has commercialized this, and increased the crop area to over 600 acres. Our wheat testing program was used for head scab scouting in 2012. We participated again in the Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Center. Non-crimped alfalfa dried faster than crimped alfalfa during the first 4 hours of the study. Immediately after mowing, non-crimped alfalfa had higher carbon fixation than crimped alfalfa but this difference was not evident after 1 hour of drying. Grass seeding rate has limited effect on yield beyond the seeding year. Seeding smooth bromegrass in rows resulted in greater yields than broadcast seeding. Seeding method had little to no effect when seeding orchardgrass, timothy or tall fescue. Low disturbance dairy manure injection increases the agronomic recovery of nutrients, and reduces nutrient losses to the environment. There has been increasing adoption of this practice through commercial manure haulers. Low disturbance poultry litter injection, while providing positive agronomic benefits, has had serious practical problems with the equipment. As a result, this is not recommended to farmers at this time. We are working with the inventor and the manufacturer to resolve these problems. Double cropping did not reduce runoff or deep drainage and did not affect soil water content compared with single cropping, but alfalfa rotations occasionally generated less drainage and lower soil water contents. Corn silage and soybean whole-plant yields were not significantly reduced by double cropping, so total annual silage yields increased with double cropping. Double cropping offers the potential to increase silage yields without affecting water balance.

Publications

• Dillon, C., G. W. Roth, C. Houser, W. Curran, and W. Harkcom. 2012. Potential of interseeding cover crops in corn while sidedressing and applying postemergent herbicides. Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. 238-8.
• Duncan, E., P. Kleinman, C. Dell, D. Beegle, and H. Karsten. 2012. Improving manure management to balance nitrogen use efficiency and environmental trade-offs. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 151-11.
• Fouli, Y., S. W. Duiker, D. D. Fritton, M. H. Hall, J. E. Watson, and D. H. Johnson. 2012. Double Cropping Effects on Forage Yield and the Field Water Balance. J. of Agric. Water Management 115:104-117.
• Hall, M. H., J. M. Dillon, H. J. Stambaugh, N. S. Hebrock, P. E. Pierson, J. L. Caddel, V. N. Owens, R. M. Sulc, D. J. Undersander, and R. S. Whitesides. 2012. The Effects of Seeding Rate on Older Stands of Glyphosate-Tolerant Alfalfa. Agron. J. 104:1096-1099.
• Bates, R. T., R. S. Gallagher, W. S. Curran, and J. K. Harper. 2012. Integrating mechanical and reduced chemical weed control in conservation tillage corn. 2012. Agron J. 104:507-517.
• Crockett, B. C., S. Mirsky, and W. S. Curran. 2012. Hairy vetch seedbank persistence as influenced by mechanical scarification and soil depth. Proc. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 66:13.
• Dell, C. J., P. J. Kleinman, J. P. Schmidt, and D. B. Beegle. 2012. Low-Disturbance Manure Incorporation Effects on Ammonia and Nitrate Loss. Journal of Environmental Quality 41:928-937.
• Dillon, C., G. Roth, W. Curran, C. Houser, and W. Harkcom. 2012. Development of a cover crop inter-seeder and applicator for no-till corn. Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. 238-9.
• Houser, C., S. D. Harkcom, and M. H. Hall. 2012. Penn State's 2011 Forage Trials Report http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/uc068.pdf.
• Karsten, H. D., W. Verbeten, G. Malcolm, M. Douglas, and J. Tooker. 2012. No-till Establishment of Alfalfa and Canola and Slug Herbivory. Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. 337-25.
• Keene, C. L. and W. S. Curran. 2012. Effectiveness of shallow high residue cultivation in no-till soybean. Proc. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 66.
• Keene, C. L., W. S. Curran, M. R. Ryan, S. B. Mirsky, M. VanGessel, M. Dempsey, B. Scott, and L. Young. 2012. Cover crop planting date and cultivation: strategies for weed management in an organic cropping system. Proc. WSSA 53:166.
• Kleinman, P., K. Saacke Blunk, R. Bryant, L. Saporito, D. Beegle, K. Czymmek, Q. Ket-terings, T. Sims, J. Shortle, J. McGrath, F. Coale, M. Dubin, D. Dostie, R. Maguire, R. Meinen, A. Allen, K. O'Neill, L. Garber, M. Davis, B. Clark, K. Sellner, and M. Smith. 2012. Managing manure for sustainable livestock production in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67:54A-61A.
• Malcolm, G., G. Camargo, T. L. Richard, and H. Karsten. 2012. Energetic Analysis of a Diverse Dairy Operation, Producing Fuel, Feed, and Forage As Compared to a Typical Dairy Operation of the Same Size. Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. 187-11.
• Mirsky, S., J. Spargo, W. Curran, M. Ryan, and S. C. Reberg-Horton. 2012. Early season phenological indicators of cereal rye performance. Proc. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 66.
• Mirsky, S. B., C. Reberg-Horton, W. Curran, M. R. Ryan, J. R. Teasdale, and S. M. Wells. 2012. Overcoming weed management challenges in cover crop-based, organic rotational no-till corn and soybean in the mid-atlantic region. Proc. WSSA 53:180.
• Mirsky, S. B., M. R. Ryan, W. S. Curran, J. R. Teasdale, J. Maul, J. T. Spargo, J. Moyer, A. M. Grantham, D. Weber, and T. Way. 2012. Tillage issues: cover crop-based organic rotational no-till grain production in the Mid-Atlantic region. Renewable Agric. and Food Sys. 27:31-40.
• Myers, T., C. Dell, and D. Beegle. 2012. Evaluation of Ammonia Emissions from Manure Incorporated with Different Soil Aerator Configurations. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (In Press).
• Ryan, M., S. Mirsky, W. Curran, J. Teasdale, and D. Mortensen. 2012. Effects of cereal rye mulch rate and planting density on no-till soybean yield in the absence of herbicides. Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. 237-4.
• Ryan, M. R., D. A. Mortensen, J. R. Teasdale, R. G. Smith, S. B. Mirsky, and W. Curran. 2012. Interactions that matter: improving efficacy with strategic combinations of cultural weed management practices. Proc. WSSA 53:352.
• Ryan, M. R., D. Mortensen, J. Teasdale, R. Smith, S. Mirsky, and W. Curran. 2012. Interactions that matter: improving efficacy with strategic combinations of cultural weed management practices. Proc. Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. 66.
• Sharpley, A., D. Beegle, C. Bolster, L. Good, B. Joern, Q. Ketterings, J. Lory, R. Mikkelsen, D. Osmond, and P. Vadas. 2012. Phosphorus Indices: Why We Need to Take Stock of How We Are Doing. J. Environ. Qual. (In Press).
• Snyder, E., H. D. Karsten, W. Curran, and G. Malcolm. 2012. Reducing Herbicide Use in a No-till Dairy Cropping System. Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. 200-9.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two 6-year diverse no-till dairy crop rotations are evaluating innovative practices. see: http://cropsoil.psu.edu/research/cropping-systems. In the forage rotation, manure injection to conserve N and P is compared to broadcasting manure. In the grain rotation, integrated weed management strategies that include reduced herbicide inputs, cover crops, and mechanical cultivation are compared to a more standard herbicide program. The 2 rotations compare ways to integrate canola into a dairy rotation. In an organic cropping system experiment, cover crops, planting date, and mechanical cultivation were evaluated for weed control in corn and soybean. Satellite experiments investigated the effect of cover crop residue on mechanical cultivation and N fertility on cereal rye. In Sept. 2010, a 3-yr, cover crop mixture evaluation and promotion project began on 11 small-medium PA dairy farms in 9 counties. Cover crops were no-till drilled after corn silage harvest. Biomass was collected in fall and spring prior to termination. Soybean variety trials in 2011 included 185 entries across two locations with full season and double crop plantings, early and late soybean maturity groups. Winter wheat and barley varieties were evaluated in central and southern PA; 63 winter wheat and 17 winter barley entries including 5 experimental hulless lines from VA were evaluated for yield, test weight, heading date, height, and lodging. PARTICIPANTS: Principal Investigators: William Curran, Douglas Beegle, Sjoerd Duiker, Heather Karsten, Marvin Hall, Gregory Roth, Pennsylvania University; Staff: Mark Antle, Alyssa Collins, Craig Altemose, Ronald Hoover, Scott Harkcom, Glenna Malcolm, Charlie White, David Sandy, Justin Dillon, Virginia Ishler, and Robert Meinen; Collaborating Penn State University Faculty: John Tooker, Dept. of Entomology; Thomas Richard, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Matt Ryan, Eric Nord, and David Mortensen; Participating graduate students: Emily Duncan, Elina Synder, Margaret Douglas, and Robert Meinen, and Kelly Patches; Collaborating ARS-USDA Scientists: Curtis Dell, Peter Kleinman, Agricultural Research Services USDA; University Park, PA; Farming Systems Project, Agricultural Research Services USDA; Beltsville, Maryland; Collaborating ARS-USDA Technical Staff: Gordon Folmar, Lou Saporito; Partner Organizations: Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit Agricultural Research Services USDA; University Park, PA; PA No-Till Alliance, Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Cooperating Seed Companies: Small Grains - AgriCulver Seeds, AgriPro Coker Wheat, Chemgro Seeds Wheat, Blue River Hybrids, Ernst Conservation Seeds, Featherstone Seed, Inc., JGL, Inc.; Wheat - Ohio Seed Improvement Association, Pioneer Hi-Bred, Resource Seeds, Seedway, Inc., Steyer Seeds, Inc., Sunbeam Extract, UniSouth Genetics, Inc., Wilken Seed Grains, Inc. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this work included certified crop advisors, extension educators, university students, crop producers, dairy producers, dairy nutritionists, agribusiness personnel, agricultural researchers and educators, agricultural government agency personnel, and seed inspection analysts for the PA Department of Agriculture. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
In the diverse rotations, crop yields were comparable between the manure injection and surface application management. Manure injection reduced N loss via volatilization; N2O emissions increased over manure bands but were small relative to total manure N. Weed management comparison data is being collected and analyzed. Winter canola yields were 26% higher following alfalfa than after corn silage; 35-40% of canola seed was lost during combining. Ways to reduce canola loss are under investigation. Field days at the rotation site hosted over 200 people. Spring cover crop mixture biomass was 2.8-7.28 Mg/ha in the on-farm study. Mixtures with cereal rye had high biomass, ryegrass with crimson clover or triticale produced less. Factors influencing biomass were species winter-hardiness, location (longer seasons produced more), and fertility (historically manured sites produced more). In some cases, N in aboveground biomass was near 224 kg/ha. Results were presented at 12 field days to 410 people. In surveys, 52% of respondents increased knowledge of 3-5 topics and 32% would likely increase use of 3-5 cover crop practices. Wheat yields averaged 5.3 Mg/ha (range 4.6 -6.0 Mg/ha). Barley yields averaged 3.7 Mg/ha (range 3.3- 3.8 Mg/ha). Hulled barley lines averaged 4.0 Mg/ha and hulless 3.7 Mg/ha. Results were released at: http://smallgrains.psu.edu/. The PA Soybean Board uses the soybean results for variety selection. The winter barley program evaluates its potential for: biofuel, an alternative to corn, and supports a group of producers who are developing a hulless barley market for poultry feed. The wheat program supported head scab scouting and the Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Center; see: http://www.wheatscab.psu.edu/

Publications

• Antle, M. E., G. W. Roth, and A. Collins. 2011. 2010-2011 Pennsylvania Small Grains Performance Report. Penn State Cooperative Extension. University Park, PA. http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc191.pdf.
• Crockett, B., W. Curran, and S. Mirsky. 2011. Approaches to managing hairy vetch as a weed in conventional and organic wheat. NEWSS 65:22.
• Curran, W., S. Mirsky, D. Mortensen, and M. Ryan. 2011. Integrating a hairy vetch cover crop for improved weed management in no-till corn. NEWSS 65:97.
• Duiker, S. 2010. Cover crop strategies in a dry fall. Field Crop News 10:26.
• Duiker, S. 2010. Cover Crop Planting Date Does Matter. Field Crop News 10:29.
• Hoover, R. 2010. On-Farm Cover Crop Plots: Putting Them to Bed for the Winter. Field Crop News 10:33 .
• Duiker, S. 2011. Red Clover Frost Seeding Time is Now. Field Crop News 11:3.
• Graybill, J. 2011. What cover crop should I plant Field Crop News 11:26.
• Houser, C., S. D. Harkcom, and M. H. Hall. 2010 Forage Trials Report. http://extension.psu.edu/forage-variety/documents/2010-forage-trials- report.pdf.
• Karsten, H. D., G. M. Malcolm, D. Beegle, W. Curran, C. Dell. P. Kleinman, T. Richard, V. Ishler, J. Tooker, and R. Hoover. 2011. Integrating Winter Canola Into Dairy Crop Rotations. Annual ASA, CSSA, SSSA Meetings. San Antonio, TX. Oct. 16-19, 2011. Abstract # 65533.
• Malcolm, G. M., H. Karsten, D. Beegle, W. Curran, C. Dell, P. Kleinman, T. Richard, V. Ishler, J. Tooker, and R. Hoover. 2011. Evaluating Dairy Cropping Systems Designed to Produce All Forage, Feed, and Fuel. Annual ASA, CSSA, SSSA Meetings. San Antonio, TX. Oct. 16-19, 2011. Abstract # 65526.
• Duiker, S. 2011. Reasons for Not Killing Cover Crops Prematurely. Field Crop News 11:4.
• Hoover, R. 2010. On-Farm Cover Crop Plots: Fall Biomass Yields. Field Crop News 11:4.
• Duiker, S. 2011. Cover Crop Options After Small Grain Harvest. Field Crop News 11:18.
• White, C. 2011. Late Summer Cover Crop Options for Supplemental Forage Production. Field Crop News 11:20.
• Duiker, S. 2011. Cover crop seedings this fall. Field Crop News 11:23.
• Hoover, R. and S. Duiker. 2011. On-farm cover crop plots: spring pre-burndown biomass yields. Field Crop News 11:20.
• Nord, E. A., W. S. Curran, D. A. Mortensen, S. B. Mirsky, and B. P. Jones. 2011. Integrating multiple tactics for managing weeds in high residue no-till soybean. Agron. J. 103:1542-1551.
• Ryan, M. R., W. S. Curran, A. M. Grantham, L. K, Hunsberger, S. B. Mirsky, D. A. Mortensen, E. A. Nord, and D. O. Wilson. 2011. Effects of seeding rate and poultry litter on weed suppression from a rolled cereal rye cover crop. Weed Sci. 59:438-444.
• Ryan, M. R., S. B. Mirsky, D. A. Mortensen, J. R. Teasdale, and W. S. Curran. 2011. Potential synergistic effects of cereal rye biomass and soybean planting density on weed suppression. Weed Sci. 59:238-246.
• Mirsky, S. B., W. S. Curran, D. M. Mortensen, D. L. Shumway, and M. R. Ryan. 2011. Timing of cover crop management on weed suppression in reduced-till soybean. Weed Sci. 59:380-389.
• Ryan, M., D. Mortensen, J. Teasdale, W. Curran, R. Smith, and S. Mirsky. 2011. Synergism between cultural weed management tactics. NEWSS 65:67.
• Ryan, M., S. B. Mirsky, D. A. Mortensen, J. R. Teasdale, and W. Curran. 2011. Synergism between cereal rye mulch and soybean planting density. Abstr. WSSA 51: 249.
• Schaufler, D., A. Kirk, and H. D. Karsten. 2011. Canola Fueled Tractors. Penn State Extension. http://extension.psu.edu/cropping-systems/resources-and-publications.
• Undersander, D., M. Hall, P. Vassalotti, and D. Cosgrove. 2011. Alfalfa Germination and Growth. University of Wisconsin. Bulletin A3681. 20 p.