Progress 05/07/99 to 03/31/04

Outputs
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report: This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and the University of Minnesota North Central Research and Outreach Center. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the terminated parent CRIS, 3640-21000-015-00D "Wild Rice Breeding and Germplasm Improvement." Experiments on optimum wildrice seed storage protocols showed highest viability after 18 months in seeds that were not dried but kept at harvest moisture (33% moisture, fresh weight basis), and stored at -5DGC (23DGF). Dormancy appeared to be broken as germination proceeded normally at 11 months and 18 months. Spores of Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of spot blotch foliar disease of wildrice, were found to lose viability after 4 weeks in culture at room temperature. Numbers of intact spores produced was high but variable. Spores of B. oryzae, causal agent of fungal brown spot disease, also dropped off after 4 weeks in culture, and numbers of spores dropped to zero after 7 weeks. Ventilation of cultures using a breathable PVC film to cover culture pans appeared to extend the viability of B. sorokiniana cultures beyond 8 weeks. The most promising medium for producing large quantities of B. sorokiniana is a mixture of perlite, wildrice flour, and 1% potato dextrose agar. The grain moisture content (i.e., maturity of seeds) at which yield was maximized varied according to climate and variety. In collaborative experiments with Dan Marcum, California Cooperative Extension, maximum yield in California occurred when seed moisture had declined to 26% to 32% (fresh weight basis) for Franklin, after which yield dropped considerably. In Minnesota, where hotter weather prevailed in 2003, health of stands declined faster and maximum yield was obtained at 36% moisture. However, for Johnson in California and older Franklin stands in Minnesota (where shattering was greater), higher moistures gave greater yields. In the variety Petrowske Purple in Minnesota, grain yield did not drop as precipitously, and average seed moisture was maintained at 33%. This was attributed to the greater shattering resistance of this cultivar, allowing fewer seeds lost from the plant while new seeds matured on later tillers. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Cregan, J.L., Porter, R.A., Biesboer, D.D. 2004. Wildrice pollen travel. Minnesota Wildrice Research--2003. p. 17-20. Cregan, J.L., Porter, R.A., Biesboer, D.D. 2004. Effects of moisture content, storage temperature, drying rate, and anti-microbial treatment on the viability of wildrice seeds stored for 11 and 18 months. Minnesota Wildrice Research--2003. p. 21-32. Kahler, A.L., Porter, R.A., Phillips, R.L. 2004. Adding Oryza sativa simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to the Zizania palustris molecular marker map. Minnesota Wildrice Research--2003. p. 33-38. Carey, L., Porter, R. 2004. Improving the methodology for producing spores of Bipolaris species for inoculating wildrice. Minnesota Wildrice Research--2003. p. 39-46. Porter, R.A., Marcum, D.B. 2004. Optimum grain moisture at harvest to minimize shattering and maximize yield in American wildrice cultivars. Minnesota Wildrice Research--2003. p. 17-56. Porter, R.A., Braaten, D.M., Shumer, H.J. 2004. Wildrice breeding and germplasm improvement. Minnesota Wildrice Research--2003. p. 57-65.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Kennard, W.C., Phillips, R.L., Porter, R.A. Genetic dissection of seed shattering, agronomic, and color traits in American wildrice (Zizania palustris var. interior L.) with a comparative map. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2002. Available from: http://link.springer. de/link/service/journals/00122/contents/02/00988/paper/s00122-002-0988- zch110.html.
• Porter, R.A. Genetic variability of American wildrice for some physical seed quality characteristics. Agronomy Abstracts. 2001. CD-ROM. Paper No. c01-porter093111-P.
• Imle, P.T. QTL verification and testcross analysis of seed shattering in wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) M.S. Thesis. 2001. University of Minnesota. 54 p.

Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03

Outputs
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report: This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and the University of Minnesota North Central Research and Outreach Center. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 3640-21000-015-00D, Wild Rice Breeding and Germplasm Improvement. This report is divided into three sections to address the project's three-fold objective. Variety development: In September 2002, 16,000 lb of the new variety 'Itasca' was harvested and distributed to Minnesota growers. Itasca is slightly more resistant than Petrowske Purple to shattering, disease, and lodging, but yields 40% more grain. A very early breeding population, K2EF-C3, should allow growers to clean up fields of early, shattering, persistent volunteer plants. K2EF-C3 has been screened for nonshattering plants for the major shattering gene using the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker RM106. The variety is being increased for possible release in 2005. Several other advanced breeding populations are being considered for initial increase in 2004. Trait evaluation/improvement: Little is known about the seed moisture content (i.e., seed maturity) at which yield is maximized or shattering is minimized for newer shattering-resistant cultivars. In collaboration with Dr. Dan Marcum, University of California-Davis, experiments were initiated in 2003 to determine the optimum timing for harvest of several recent cultivars including Franklin (in California and Minnesota) as well as Petrowske Purple and Itasca (in Minnesota). Petrowske Purple was originally selected for resistance to fungal brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae. This cultivar has been suspected to have developed susceptibility to spot blotch caused by B. sorokiniana. In a preliminary trial, isolates of this organism and of B. oryzae, which were collected from Petrowske Purple and another variety, were inoculated on plots of Petrowske Purple. Observations of disease symptoms will focus on differences due to the source of the fungal isolates. If differences are found, a follow-up study may be initiated to distinguish the effects of individual isolates on this variety and possibly others. Genetics, seed storage, and germplasm: UMC305 is the molecular marker most closely associated with the shattering locus, with an estimated distance of 6 cM. Using primers from the UMC305 sequence, an Sequence- Tagged Site (STS) marker was developed that produces a band associated with shattering phenotypes. Linkage to the shattering quantitative trait loci (QTL) is still being confirmed. expressed sequence tag (EST) development is being initiated with the isolation of mRNA from tissue samples. A total of 118 SSR markers have been screened for mapping traits of wildrice. Of these, 30 SSR markers, including RM106, have been found to be mappable. More markers are being screened, with the goal of adding 100 SSR markers to the 121 restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) s already mapped. Short- to medium-term wildrice seed drying and storage protocols are being tested. Fresh, undried, and unhulled seeds stored at -5DGC (23DGF) have retained the highest viability. Effective pollen travel distances are being estimated using male-sterile plants at various distances from a source, as well as a quantitative pollen sampler to test daily pollen shed fluctuations. So far, very low seed set has occurred up to 2 miles from the source paddy (1-5%), but the 2002 research location was near another wildrice paddy on an adjacent farm, possibly skewing the results. The experiment is being repeated in 2003 at distances up to 4 miles from source paddies on another farm. This research should provide data for determining isolation distances for seed paddies and distances that paddies should be maintained away from natural stands to minimize gene flow between them.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Kennard, W.C., Phillips, R.L., Porter, R.A. Genetic dissection of seed shattering, agronomic, and color traits in American wildrice (Zizania palustris var. interior L.) with a comparative map. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2002. Available from: http://link.springer. de/link/service/journals/00122/contents/02/00988/paper/s00122-002-0988- zch110.html.
• Porter, R.A. Genetic variability of American wildrice for some physical seed quality characteristics. Agronomy Abstracts. 2001. CD-ROM. Paper No. c01-porter093111-P.
• Imle, P.T. QTL verification and testcross analysis of seed shattering in wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) M.S. Thesis. 2001. University of Minnesota. 54 p.

Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02

Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) is a small but growing high-value crop in the U.S. In order to sustain the wildrice industry, improved wildrice varieties need to be developed on a continuing basis. Traits earmarked for genetic improvement include seed shattering resistance, disease and pest resistance, increased seed length and yield. These traits are being improved primarily through conventional breeding methods (i.e., not through genetic engineering). Improvements in conventional breeding methodologies, as well as genetic knowledge about how these traits are inherited, are being pursued. These new methods and knowledge should bring about more effective and efficient improvements in these traits. Wild germplasm is needed to maintain the genetic diversity of cultivated wildrice and to be a source of new traits for the crop. Therefore, wildrice germplasm will be collected and evaluated for traits relevant to breeding objectives. Also, because some natural stands of wildrice are disappearing, assessing the genetic diversity of these wild populations is critical to preserving this genetic resource for the future. This is an important issue not only for the cultivated wildrice industry, but also for all those who harvest the grain directly from natural stands. A better understanding of wildrice genetics is needed for improving the crop and for assessing genetic diversity. Efforts to map the genes of wildrice using DNA markers will continue. The molecular genetic map will aid conventional breeding efforts by allowing the detection of certain genes in breeding lines. Shattering genes especially need to be detected, so that varieties can be developed that are nonshattering in their genotype. Similarities between the chromosomes of wildrice and rice (Oryza sativa) have already been observed through this mapping effort. This means that genetic information generated for rice may be useful for wildrice improvement as well. The wildrice genetic map will also become a tool for understanding differences between and within varieties and wild populations of wildrice and to maintain a steady supply of the product. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) has been cultivated only since 1950. Prior to that it was known only as a seed that was gathered from wild stands on lakes and rivers of the Upper Midwest. Breeding and germplasm improvement were initiated in the early 1970s. This allowed the already growing cultivated wildrice industry to develop and resulted in a more stable supply to meet the increasing demand for the product. However, continued genetic research and breeding are needed to further the domestication of this relatively new crop. Currently, this is the only publicly funded wildrice breeding program in the U.S. The wildrice industry depends on a continuing supply of improved varieties in order to meet new challenges posed by production hazards such as shattering, diseases, and lodging, and to meet the increasing demand for wildrice. Experimental estimates of shattering losses are 19-24% of the total grain produced but can exceed 30% in producers' fields. Disease losses have been estimated to average 12% in growers' fields. Also, some natural populations of wildrice have been declining or have disappeared completely. This represents a loss of a valuable genetic and natural resource, giving more urgency to the collection and preservation of those wild populations that still exist. Seed storage research is one vital element in addressing this problem. Collection and evaluation of wild germplasm is also needed to assess their genetic diversity and to identify declining populations with unique characteristics for preservation efforts. 3. How does it relate to the national Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? NATIONAL PROGRAM 301 (100%) Genetic Resource Management: Seed storage research will be conducted in collaboration with the National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL), enabling the collection and preservation of wildrice germplasm. Genomic Characterization, Manipulation, and Genetic Improvement: Useful genes from wild and breeding lines will be characterized and incorporated into cultivars to improve productivity. Molecular genetic markers will be used to aid selection for key traits such as resistance to seed shattering. Improved breeding methodologies will be developed for wildrice. Genome Databases and Bioinformatics: Refinement of the wildrice molecular genetic map will advance genetic knowledge of wildrice and its relationship to other cereals such as rice, and should contribute new genetic knowledge applicable to other crops. This research also contributes to National Program 303 through the development of cultivars with host plant resistance to diseases. 4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2002: Wildrice growers in Minnesota need high-yielding, shattering resistant varieties that resist lodging and diseases. At the University of Minnesota's North Central Research and Outreach Center, a new variety has been developed through recurrent selection for yield and for resistance to shattering, fungal brown spot disease, and lodging. The variety (currently designated 'PBM-C6') is slightly more resistant to shattering, fungal brown spot disease, and lodging than this project's previous release, 'Petrowske Purple', but with 40% higher grain yield. This variety has the potential to keep Minnesota growers competitive with California growers' higher yields, perhaps enough so to keep some growers from selling out. B. Other Significant Accomplishments: A breeder-friendly molecular marker is needed to correctly identify hidden shattering genotypes for elimination from breeding populations and varieties. A student, Alex Kahler, working in Dr. Ron Phillips' lab at the Univ. of Minnesota, developed an STS marker from the sequenced RFLP probe UMC305 (which was previously mapped close to the major gene for shattering) and tested the STS marker for its relationship to shattering. Preliminary results show the presence of a clear band associated with the expression of shattering, indicating a linkage between the marker and the trait. When confirmed, the marker would be used by wildrice breeders to test for the presence of the most significant of three genes controlling shattering, allowing this gene for shattering to be eliminated from future varieties. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations: None. D. Progress Report: This report documents research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and the University of Minnesota North Central Research and Outreach Center. Its parent project is 3640-21000-015-00D. This report is divided into three sections to address the project's three- fold objective. Variety Development: In October of 2001, the final increase of newly released variety PBM-C6 (named 'Itasca' pending clearance) was planted at two locations in northern Minnesota. An estimated 10,000-20,000 lb will be harvested and distributed to Minnesota growers in September 2002. It is slightly more resistant than Petrowske Purple to shattering, disease, and lodging, but yields 40% more grain. A very early variety is under development to allow growers to clean up fields of early, shattering, persistent volunteer plants. K2EF-C3 is being screened for nonshattering plants using a molecular marker for the major shattering gene. If successful, increase of the variety could begin in 2003 for release in 2004. A breeding line putatively fixed for nonshattering, 96F-111C-C1, is undergoing a second cycle of selection for disease resistance. If enough progress is evident, increase could begin in 2003 for release in 2004. An alternative line fixed for nonshattering, 00G-39, is a result of a single cross between two noninbred lines from PBM-C6. It should have enough seed for testing in 2003 and to begin increase in 2004. Trait Evaluation/Improvement: Seed size is continuing to be investigated through replicated half-sib families. Correlations with other traits, such as seeds per panicle and per plant, will allow predictions of gains from selection in this and other traits selected simultaneously. Also, half-sib families inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana, the organism responsible for Spot Blotch disease of wildrice, are being evaluated to determine heritability and gain from selection for resistance to this disease. This would be the first estimate of heritability for this disease independent of B. oryzae. Correlations with other traits, such as maturity and perhaps leaf size and angle, will allow predictions of correlated gains from selection. Earliness is being evaluated for potential varieties by observing the percentage of main stems flowering at 2-3 day intervals, and estimating the date at which 50% flowering occurs. Using this criterion, K2EF-C3 is 7-10 days earlier than the next earliest variety. Genetics and Seed Storage: A M.S. student is continuing the work on molecular genetics in Dr. Ron Phillips' lab. UMC305 is the molecular marker most closely associated with the shattering locus with the greatest effect, with an estimated distance of 6 cM. The sequence for this RFLP marker is reported to be part of an invertase gene in maize. Since the invertase gene may be related to cell wall plasticity, it may also have some importance in the process of abscission, or separation of the grain from the panicle. Using primers from the UMC305 sequence, an STS marker was developed which produces a band associated with shattering phenotypes. Linkage to the shattering QTL will be confirmed in coming months. Another M.S. student is investigating medium-term wildrice seed storage, which will allow breeders and other researchers to more reliably store seed of breeding lines and germplasm. Drying protocols are being tested, as well as storage treatments involving ground sphagnum, low pH controlled with buffers, and 3 different storage temperatures. In addition, effective pollen travel distances are being estimated using male-sterile plants at various distances from a source, as well as a quantitative pollen sampler to test daily pollen shed fluctuations. So far, some seed set has occurred up to 1500 meters from the nearest paddy. This research should provide data for determining optimal isolation distances for seed paddies, and distances that paddies should be maintained away from natural stands to minimize gene flow between them. 5. Describe your major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact? The most significant accomplishments have been the release of a disease- resistant cultivar, Petrowske Purple, and a high-yielding, disease and shattering resistant cultivar, Itasca. This variety is superior to current cultivars in resistance to fungal brown spot disease, lodging, and shattering. It should provide the growers who use it with a crop that will remain standing, be healthier, and keep more of its seed until harvest, resulting in greater yield and profitability. It may even provide enough protection from disease to reduce or eliminate the need for fungicide. Additional accomplishments have been 1) development of an RFLP map, which will be the basis for marker-assisted selection, 2) discovery of the close genetic relationship between wildrice (Zizania palustris) and rice (Oryza sativa), which should facilitate the application of some of the vast knowledge base of rice genetics to wildrice breeding, and 3) confirmation of a 3-gene model for shattering in wildrice. In addition, the accurate measurement of seed size of a number of varieties and breeding lines has confirmed suspected shorter seed in some varieties, and provided a basis for selection for greater seed length. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? In FY2003, improved protocols for short- and medium-term seed storage will be developed. PCR-based markers (SSR or STS) for shattering genes will be used to select lines and individual plants fixed for nonshattering. These will be the basis for developing a new variety fixed for nonshattering. Longer-seeded selections will be tested in variety trials. Petrowske Purple will be made available to wildrice growers in California. Pollen travel distances will be confirmed, as well as diurnal fluctuations in pollen shed. In FY2004, a variety will be released with very early maturity and fixed for major nonshattering genes. An additional variety fixed for nonshattering (but later maturing and higher yielding) may be released as well. PCR markers will be used for eliminating the major shattering gene from advanced breeding populations. In FY2005, PCR markers will be used to distinguish varieties and wild populations from one other and characterize them genetically. Breeding populations lacking the major shattering gene will be tested for other shattering genes using PCR markers. 7. What technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer other scientist)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption durability of the technology? Growers and processors were informed about variety development activities and upcoming releases, seed size estimates, molecular genetic progress, and pollen travel results at the winter wildrice conference January 30-31, 2002, and at the wildrice field day at NCROC on July 18, 2002. The variety PBM-C6 is being released to growers as 'Itasca' in September, 2002. 8. List your most important publications and presentations, and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your review publications which are listed below) Porter, R.A., Braaten, D., Boedigheimer, D., Schumer, H. "Wildrice: From Pollen to Seeds to Varieties to Products" presented at the Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council annual conference, Jan. 30-31, 2002, Grand Rapids, MN. (wild rice growers, processors, and marketers) Kahler, A. "Marker Assisted Selection in Wild Rice" presented at the Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council annual conference, Jan. 30-31, 2002, Grand Rapids, MN. Cregan, J., Porter, R., Biesboer, D. "Wild Rice Pollen Travel" presented at the Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council annual conference, Jan. 30- 31, 2002, Grand Rapids, MN. Porter, R.A., Braaten, D., Boedigheimer, D., Schumer, H. Wildrice breeding and germplasm improvement. Minnesota Wild Rice Research--2001. 2002. p. 37-49.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Kennard, W.C., Phillips, R.L., Porter, R.A. Genetic dissection of seed shattering, agronomic, and color traits in American wildrice (Zizania palustris var. interior L.) with a comparative map. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2002. Available from: http://link.springer. de/link/service/journals/00122/contents/02/00988/paper/s00122-002-0988- zch110.html.
• Porter, R.A. Genetic variability of American wildrice for some physical seed quality characteristics. Agronomy Abstracts. 2001. CD-ROM. Paper No. c01-porter093111-P.
• Imle, P.T. QTL verification and testcross analysis of seed shattering in wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) M.S. Thesis. 2001. University of Minnesota. 54 p.

Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01

Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) is a small but growing high-value crop in the U.S. In order to sustain the wildrice industry, improved wildrice varieties need to be developed on a continuing basis. Traits earmarked for genetic improvement include seed shattering resistance, disease and pest resistance, and increased seed length and yield. These traits are being improved primarily through conventional breeding methods (i.e., not through genetic engineering). Improvements in conventional breeding methodologies, as well as genetic knowledge about how these traits are inherited, are being pursued. These new methods and knowledge should bring about more effective and efficient improvements in these traits. Wild germplasm is needed to maintain the genetic diversity of cultivated wildrice and to be a source of new traits for the crop. Therefore, wildrice germplasm will be collected and evaluated for traits relevant to breeding objectives. Also, because some natural stands of wildrice are disappearing, assessing the genetic diversity of these wild populations is critical to preserving this genetic resource for the future. This is an important issue not only for the cultivated wildrice industry but also for all those who harvest the grain directly from natural stands. A better understanding of wildrice genetics is needed for improving the crop and for assessing genetic diversity. Efforts to map the genes of wildrice using DNA markers will continue. The molecular genetic map will aid conventional breeding efforts by allowing the detection of certain genes in breeding lines. Shattering genes especially need to be detected so that varieties can be developed that are nonshattering in their genotype. Similarities between the chromosomes of wildrice and rice (Oryza sativa) have already been observed through this mapping effort. This means that genetic information generated for rice may be useful for wildrice improvement as well. The wildrice genetic map will also become a tool for understanding differences between and within varieties and wild populations of wildrice and to maintain a steady supply of the product. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) has been cultivated only since 1950. Prior to that it was known only as a seed gathered from wild stands on lakes and rivers of the Upper Midwest. Breeding and germplasm improvement were initiated in the early 1970s. This allowed the already growing cultivated wildrice industry to develop and resulted in a more stable supply to meet the increasing demand for the product. However, continued genetic research and breeding are needed to further the domestication of this relatively new crop. Currently, there are no other publicly funded wildrice breeding programs in the U.S. besides this one. The wildrice industry depends on a continuing supply of improved varieties in order to meet new challenges posed by production hazards such as shattering, diseases, and lodging, and to meet the increasing demand for wildrice. Experimental estimates of shattering losses are 19-24% of the total grain produced but can exceed 30% in producers' fields. Disease losses have been estimated to average 12% in growers' fields. Also, some natural populations of wildrice have been declining or have disappeared completely. This represents a loss of a valuable genetic and natural resource, giving more urgency to the collection and preservation of those wild populations that still exist. Seed storage research is one vital element in addressing this problem. Collection and evaluation of wild germplasm is also needed to assess their genetic diversity and to identify declining populations with unique characteristics for preservation efforts. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)? NATIONAL PROGRAM 301 (100%) Genetic Resource Management: Seed storage research will be conducted in collaboration with the National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL), enabling the collection and preservation of wildrice germplasm. Genomic Characterization, Manipulation, and Genetic Improvement: Useful genes from wild and breeding lines will be characterized and incorporated into cultivars to improve productivity. Molecular genetic markers will be used to aid selection for key traits such as resistance to seed shattering. Improved breeding methodologies will be developed for wildrice. Genome Databases and Bioinformatics: Refinement of the wildrice molecular genetic map will advance genetic knowledge of wildrice and its relationship to other cereals such as rice and should contribute new genetic knowledge applicable to other crops. This research also contributes to National Program 303 through the development of cultivars with host plant resistance to diseases. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2001 year: Confirmation of a 3-gene model for shattering in wildrice--We sought to elucidate the genetics of seed shattering in order to effectively identify lines fixed for nonshattering alleles, which can then be developed into superior cultivars. A grad student, Peter Imle, working in Dr. Ron Phillips' lab at the University of Minnesota, tested and confirmed a 3-gene model for shattering by observing the shattering phenotypes of lines genotyped with RFLP markers. Nonshattering was found to be controlled by having homozygous recessive alleles either at one major gene locus or at both of the other two genes. Breeders can then use marker-assisted selection to identify the desired recessive alleles in breeding lines or individual plants, resulting in varieties that will not revert to shattering. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any: Seed size--Wildrice growers and processors have recently expressed a concern that seed size of cultivated wildrice is becoming shorter. At the University of Minnesota's North Central Research and Outreach Center, seed size of varieties in the 2000 variety trial was compared using a scanner and software. Significant differences in seed size were found, and some recent varieties were confirmed to be substantially shorter than older varieties measured in 1987. The new seed-measuring methodology employed in this research can now be used to select longer-seeded families within short-seeded varieties, resulting in increased seed length. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations: A number of wildrice farms in Minnesota have less than $250,000 in annual gross receipts. Some of these growers find it an economic hardship to fallow their paddies in order to convert them to newer varieties, due to the persistence of early-maturing shattering-type volunteer plants. We are beginning to develop very early varieties to enable these growers to harvest a crop before these early wild-type plants mature. In this way, their fields could be cleaned up over time until persistent shattering plants are no longer a significant problem. At that point, later-maturing, higher-yielding varieties can then be planted. D. Progress Report: This report documents research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and the University of Minnesota North Central Research and Outreach Center. Its parent project is 3640-21000-015-00D. This report is divided into three sections to address the project's threefold objective. Variety development: In September of 2000, 37,000 lb of Petrowske Purple was harvested and distributed to Minnesota growers. The variety will later be made available to California growers. The number of Minnesota growers who received the variety represented more than half of the State's industry. A new potential variety (designated PBM-C6) is being increased for possible release in 2002. It has all the improved resistance to shattering, disease, and lodging as Petrowske Purple, but with substantially higher yield. Also, a breeding line putatively fixed for nonshattering, 96F-111, was tested for yield in one location. Its performance was disappointing, possibly due to being somewhat susceptible to fungal brown spot disease (FBS). Other narrowly defined lines will be increased and tested as possible varieties fixed for nonshattering. Trait evaluation/improvement: Hulled yield was estimated by this project for the first time. Seed size characteristics of hulled seeds were estimated in response to growers' and processors' concerns that seed lengths of recent varieties are tending to be shorter than previous varieties. Hydration tests have also been carried out on hulled seed, giving evidence of varietal differences in rate of hydration during boiling, which should reflect differences in cook time, an important quality parameter for processors and marketers. Another need expressed by growers is for a very early variety to assist some growers who are having difficulty changing from old shattering-type varieties that remain in the soil even after extensive fallowing. Two very early populations are being developed: one population of cv. K2 that had been in continuous production for almost 30 years and a second population derived from cv. Netum. The K2 is especially early but has reverted to a high percentage of shattering plants, so intensive selection has been initiated for nonshattering. Several crosses of the early K2 with nursery lines have been made in order to introgress earliness into them. The Netum is nearly a week later maturing and is susceptible to FBS. Genetics and seed storage: One graduate student has completed his M.S. on the genetics of shattering. Another M.S. student is continuing the work, developing SSR and STS markers for shattering and to use for diversity studies of varieties and lake populations. A new M.S. student has begun investigating wildrice seed storage in collaboration with Dr. Christina Walters at NSSL, Ft. Collins, and doing some field research on pollen travel and seed survival. Dr. Scott Jackson has receive a postdoctoral grant from NRI to work on molecular genetics of wildrice and rice. His research has further confirmed the close relationship between Zizania and Oryza. As of September 1, 2000, he is no longer supported on the wildrice SCA. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This project is a continuation of 3640-21000-011-01S, a project of the same name that ended in June 1999. Refer to final report of that project for more detail about previous accomplishments. In brief, that project resulted in collection and evaluation of 34 germplasm accessions, development of a number of breeding lines improved for shattering resistance and disease resistance (in collaboration with Dr. Robert Nyvall, University of Minnesota), better understanding of the shattering trait, improved pollination methods, improved methods for growing wildrice for research (in collaboration with Drs. Paul Bloom and Ervin Oelke, University of Minnesota), initiation of a molecular genetic map, and assisting in the preliminary development of improved seed storage protocols through collaboration with Dr. Christine Walters, USDA-ARS-NSSL, Ft. Collins, CO, and Dr. Ervin Oelke. Since the current project began, the most significant accomplishment has been the release of a disease-resistant cultivar, Petrowske Purple. This variety is superior to current cultivars in resistance to fungal brown spot disease, lodging, and shattering. It should provide growers with a crop that will remain standing, be healthier, and keep more of its seed until harvest, resulting in greater yield and profitability. It may even provide enough protection from disease to reduce or eliminate the need for fungicide. Additional accomplishments have been 1) development of an RFLP map that will be the basis for marker-assisted selection, and 2) discovery of the close genetic relationship between wildrice (Zizania palustris) and rice (Oryza sativa), which should facilitate the application of some of the vast knowledge base of rice genetics to wildrice breeding. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? In FY2002, a genomic DNA library for wildrice will be developed. This library will be screened for SSRs, especially those linked to the major shattering genes. Also, a new higher-yielding variety will be released, one that is resistant to shattering, fungal brown spot disease, and lodging. Finally, effective distances of pollen travel in the field should be estimated. In FY2003, improved protocols for short- and medium-term seed storage will be developed. SSR markers for shattering genes will be used to select lines and individual plants fixed for nonshattering. These will be the basis for developing a new variety fixed for nonshattering. Petrowske Purple will be available to wildrice growers in California. In FY2004, a variety will be released with very early maturity and, if possible, fixed for major shattering genes. SSR markers will be employed to distinguish varieties and wild populations from one other and characterize them genetically. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? Growers and processors were informed about variety development activities, seed size estimates, molecular genetic progress, and new seed storage and pollen travel initiatives at the winter wildrice conference January 25-26, 2001, and at the wildrice field day at the North Central Research and Outreach Center on July 19, 2001. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) Porter, R.A. "Seeds, Needs, and Breeding Deeds." Presented at the Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council annual conference, Jan. 25-26, 2001, Grand Rapids, MN. (wild rice growers, processors, and marketers) Porter, R.A., Boedigheimer, D.M., Schumer, H.J. Wildrice breeding and germplasm improvement (1999). Minnesota Wild Rice Research 1999/2000. 2001. p. 10-14. Porter, R.A., Boedigheimer, D.M., Schumer, H.J. Wildrice breeding and germplasm improvement (2000). Minnesota Wild Rice Research 1999/2000. 2001. p. 43-53.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Kennard, W.C., Phillips, R.L., Porter, R.A., Grombacher, A.W. A comparative map of wild rice (Zizania palustris L. 2n=2x=30). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2000. v. 101. p. 677-684.
• Porter, R.A., Oelke, E.A., Phillips, R.L. Collecting American wildrice germplasm: science and culture at odds? American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2000. p. 194.
• Jackson, S.A., Walling, J., Imle, P., Kennard, W., Porter, R., Phillips, R.L. Comparative genetic and physical mapping in the Oryzeae tribe. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2000. p. 111.
• Phillips, R., Jackson, S.A., Imle, P., Kennard, W.C., Porter, R.A. Comparative genetics and physical mapping in the Oryzeae. Oono, K., Komatsuda, T., Kadowaki, K., Vaughan, D., editors. National Inst. of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Japan. Integration of Biodiversity and Genome Technology for Crop Improvement. 2000. p. 1-4.

Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00

Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) is a small but growing high-value crop in the U.S. In order to sustain the wildrice industry, improved wildrice varieties need to be developed on a continuing basis. Traits earmarked for genetic improvement include seed shattering resistance, disease and pest resistance, and yield. These traits are being improved primarily through conventional breeding methods (i.e., not through genetic engineering). Improvements in conventional breeding methodologies, as well as genetic knowledge about how these traits are inherited, are being pursued. These new methods and knowledge should bring about more effective and efficient improvements in these traits. Wild germplasm is needed to maintain the genetic diversity of cultivated wildrice and to be a source of new traits for the crop. Therefore, wildrice germplasm will be collected and evaluated for traits relevant to breeding objectives. Also, because some natural stands of wildrice are disappearing, assessing the genetic diversity of these wild populations is critical to preserving this genetic resource for the future. This is an important issue not only for the cultivated wildrice industry but also for all those who harvest the grain directly from natural stands. A better understanding of wildrice genetics is needed for improving the crop and for assessing genetic diversity. Efforts to map the genes of wildrice using DNA markers will continue. The molecular genetic map will aid conventional breeding efforts by allowing the detection of certain genes in breeding lines. Shattering genes especially need to be detected so that varieties can be developed that are nonshattering in their genotype. Similarities between the chromosomes of wildrice and rice (Oryza sativa) have already been observed through this mapping effort. This means that genetic information generated for rice may be useful for wildrice improvement as well. The wildrice genetic map will also become a tool for understanding differences between and within varieties and wild populations of wildrice and for maintaining a steady supply of the product. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) has been cultivated only since 1950. Prior to that it was known only as a seed gathered from wild stands on lakes and rivers of the Upper Midwest. Breeding and germplasm improvement were initiated in the early 1970s. This allowed the already growing cultivated wildrice industry to develop and resulted in a more stable supply to meet the increasing demand for the product. However, continued genetic research and breeding are needed to further the domestication of this relatively new crop. Currently, there are no other publicly funded wildrice breeding programs in the U.S. besides this one. The wildrice industry depends on a continuing supply of improved varieties in order to meet new challenges posed by production hazards such as shattering, diseases, and lodging, and to meet the increasing demand for wildrice. Experimental estimates of shattering losses are 19-24% of the total grain produced but can exceed 30% in producers' fields. Disease losses have been estimated to average 12% in growers' fields. Also, some natural populations of wildrice have been declining or have disappeared completely. This represents a loss of a valuable genetic and natural resource, giving more urgency to the collection and preservation of those wild populations that still exist. Seed storage research is one vital element in addressing this problem. Collection and evaluation of wild germplasms is also needed to assess their genetic diversity and to identify declining populations with unique characteristics for preservation efforts. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)? NATIONAL PROGRAM 301 (100%) Genetic Resource Management: Seed storage research will be conducted in collaboration with the National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL), enabling the collection and preservation of wildrice germplasm. Genomic Characterization, Manipulation, and Genetic Improvement: Useful genes from wild and breeding lines will be characterized and incorporated into cultivars to improve productivity. Molecular genetic markers will be used to aid selection for key traits such as resistance to seed shattering. Improved breeding methodologies will be developed for wildrice. Genome Databases and Bioinformatics: Refinement of the wildrice molecular genetic map will advance genetic knowledge of wildrice and its relationship to other cereals such as rice and should contribute new genetic knowledge applicable to other crops. This research also contributes to National Program 303 through the development of cultivars with host plant resistance to diseases. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2000 year: Release of the first disease-resistant wildrice cultivar. New cultivars of wildrice need to be developed and released to address the needs of commercial growers. The University of Minnesota's North Central Research and Outreach Center is carrying out this research through a cooperative agreement with USDA-ARS and through cooperation with several Minnesota wildrice growers to do on-farm variety testing and increase. In FY 2000, the cultivar Petrowske Purple was released and about 40,000 to 50,000 lb. of seed made available to growers. This new cultivar should provide greater yield to wildrice growers through resistance to three production hazards-- fungal brown spot disease (perhaps reducing or eliminating the need for chemical control), seed shattering, and lodging. B. Other Significant Accomplishment: Genetic distance to other species. In order to apply genetic research of other grasses to wildrice, their degree of relatedness to wildrice was estimated. Through collaboration with Dr. Scott Jackson and Dr. Ron Phillips at the University of Minnesota, the sequence of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH-1) was compared in a number of grass species, including some cultivated cereals. The close genetic relationship between Oryza sativa (rice) and Zizania palustris (wildrice) was confirmed. This should allow more efficient breeding progress by making use of the extensive genetic research being done on rice, particularly sequencing of its genome. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations: A number of wildrice farms in Minnesota have less than $250,000 in annual gross receipts. Often these growers find it an economic hardship to apply fungicide to protect their wildrice crop from fungal brown spot (FBS) disease. A FBS disease-resistant variety should give them better yield when chemical protection is not applied and thus increase their income. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This project is a continuation of 3640-21000-011-01S, a project of the same name which ended in June 1999. Refer to final report of that project for more detail about previous accomplishments. In brief, that project resulted in collection and evaluation of 34 germplasm accessions, development of a number of breeding lines improved for shattering resistance and disease resistance (in collaboration with Dr. Robert Nyvall, U of MN), better understanding of the shattering trait, improved pollination methods, improved methods for growing wildrice for research (in collaboration with Drs. Paul Bloom and Ervin Oelke, U of MN), initiation of a molecular genetic map, and assistance in the preliminary development of improved seed storage protocols through collaboration with Dr. Christine Walters, USDA- ARS-NSSL, Ft. Collins, CO, and Dr. Ervin Oelke. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? In FY 2001, the molecular genetic map will be refined through collaborative research. Markers closer to the putative shattering genes, or perhaps cloned shattering genes from other species such as rice, will be used to determine the nonshattering genotypes of parental lines. By the end of FY 2001, we also expect to understand the yield potential of the new disease-resistant cultivar (vs. others) with and without chemical control. In FY 2001 we expect a graduate student to begin research at both the University of Minnesota and the National Seed Storage Laboratory to improve short- and medium-term storage protocols and to assist personnel at NSSL in further research on long-term germplasm storage. By FY 2002, we expect to develop a set of molecular markers useful for distinguishing cultivars and natural populations from each other. This should enable more focused germplasm collection and enhancement efforts and provide a tool for addressing questions about the relationships between natural and cultivated populations. Also in FY 2002, we expect to release another cultivar with higher yield than Petrowske Purple. By the end of FY 2002, we will have tested and released Petrowske Purple in California. A breeding line suspected to be fixed for a major nonshattering gene (i.e., lacking the shattering gene) will be tested in multiple locations. If yield and shattering are found to be within acceptable levels and if molecular genetic testing confirm its genotype, it may be released in FY 2003 as the first variety fixed for a nonshattering gene. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? The cultivar Petrowske Purple was released to growers in FY 2000 by means of a license agreement. Prior to growers receiving seed to plant in August of 2000, they received information about the cultivar's performance in January and July of 2000. Price of seed can be a constraint to adoption of new wildrice cultivars, but the license agreement was structured in such a way as to make it economical for growers to purchase certified seed. Also, the amount of suitable land available to growers for new varieties may limit the usefulness of this cultivar, but seed certification standards have been modified in both California and Minnesota to address this problem. Many growers are fallowing some paddies to accommodate the new release. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) Porter, R.A. Wildrice Breeding for the New Millennium. Presented at the Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council annual conference, Jan. 19-20, 2000, Grand Rapids, MN. (wild rice growers, processors, and marketers) Imle, P.T., Jackson, S.A. An Update on the Mapping of the Wild Rice Genome. Presented at the Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council annual conference, Jan. 19-20, 2000, Grand Rapids, MN. Porter, R.A. Cultivated Wildrice: Science, Culture, and Politics. Presentation to the Univ. of Minnesota Extension Educators conference, April 3-4, 2000, St. Paul, MN.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• KENNARD, W.C., PHILLIPS, R.L., PORTER, R.A. and GROMBACHER, A.W. 1999. A comparative map of wild rice (Zizania palustris L. 2n=2x=30). Theor. and Appl. Genet.: Accepted May 15, 1999.

Progress 01/01/99 to 09/30/99

Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) is a small but growing high-value crop in the U.S. In order to sustain the wildrice industry, improved wildrice varieties need to be developed on a continuing basis. Traits earmarked for genetic improvement include seed shattering resistance, disease and pest resistance, and yield. These traits are being improved primarily through relatively straightforward conventional breeding methods (i.e., not through genetic engineering). Improvements in conventional breeding methodologies, as well as genetic knowledge about how these traits are inherited, are being pursued. These new methods and knowledge should bring about more effective and efficient improvements in these traits. Wild germplasm is needed to maintain the genetic diversity of cultivated wildrice and to be a source of new traits for the crop. Therefore, wildrice germplasm will be collected and evaluated for traits relevant to breeding objectives. Also, because some natural stands of wildrice are disappearing, assessing the genetic diversity of these wild populations is critical to preserving this genetic resource for the future. This is an important issue not only for the cultivated wildrice industry, but also for all those who harvest the grain directly from natural stands. A better understanding of wildrice genetics is needed for improving the crop and for assessing genetic diversity. Efforts to map the genes of wildrice using DNA markers will continue. The molecular genetic map will aid conventional breeding efforts by allowing the detection of certain genes in breeding lines. Shattering genes especially need to be detected so that varieties can be developed that are nonshattering in their genotype. Similarities between the chromosomes of wildrice and rice (Oryza sativa) have already been observed through this mapping effort. This means that genetic information generated for rice may be useful for wildrice improvement as well. The wildrice genetic map will also become a tool for understanding differences between and within varieties and wild populations of wildrice and to maintain a steady supply of the product. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Wildrice (Zizania palustris) has been cultivated only since 1950. Prior to that it was known only as a seed that was gathered from wild stands on lakes and rivers of the upper Midwest. Breeding and germplasm improvement were initiated in the early 1970s. This allowed the already growing cultivated wildrice industry to develop and resulted in a more stable supply to meet the increasing demand for the product. However, continued genetic research and breeding are needed to further the domestication of this relatively new crop. Currently, there are no other publicly funded wildrice breeding programs in the U.S. besides this one. The wildrice industry depends on a continuing supply of improved varieties in order to meet new challenges posed by production hazards such as shattering, diseases, and lodging, and to meet the increasing demand for wildrice. Experimental estimates of shattering losses are 19-24% of the total grain produced but can exceed 30% in producers' fields. Disease losses have been estimated to average 12% in growers' fields. Also, some natural populations of wildrice have been declining or have disappeared completely. This represents a loss of a valuable genetic and natural resource, giving more urgency to the collection and preservation of those wild populations that still exist. Seed storage research is one vital element in addressing this problem. Collection and evaluation of wild germplasm is also needed to assess their genetic diversity and to identify declining populations with unique characteristics for preservation efforts. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been assigned? NATIONAL PROGRAM 301 (100%) Germplasm Acquisition and Maintenance: This research includes the collection of wildrice germplasm from public waters (i.e., waters not on Indian reservations). Seed storage research will also be conducted in collaboration with the National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL). Once the seed storage methodology is refined, germplasm will be stored at the NSSL. Germplasm Assessment and Enhancement: Breeding research will make use of germplasm collected to identify useful genes for incorporation into breeding lines. Genomic Analysis: The wildrice genome is already being mapped, capitalizing on genetic similarities to rice. This map will be refined and used for genetic characterization of wildrice germplasm and breeding lines. Molecular genetic markers will be used to aid selection for key traits such as resistance to seed shattering. Improved breeding methodologies will be developed for wildrice. Refinement and application of the wildrice molecular genetic map will advance genetic knowledge of wildrice and its relationship to other cereals such as rice and may even contribute new genetic knowledge applicable to other grains. Domestication of other crops may also be improved through this research. Improved Crop Protection: Varieties of wildrice will be genetically improved for resistance to diseases and insects. Wildrice and rice have some pests in common, so known resistance genes in rice may be used in mapping similar genes in wildrice, thus assisting in breeding resistant wildrice varieties. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? Increase of disease-resistant breeding line for release. New cultivars of wildrice need to be developed and released to commercial growers. The University of Minnesota's North Central Research and Outreach Center is carrying out this research through a cooperative agreement with USDA-ARS and through cooperation with several Minnesota wildrice growers to do on- farm variety testing and increase. In FY99, a 3-acre paddy of a disease- resistant breeding line was planted and grown for seed increase for likely release in the year 2000. This new cultivar should provide greater yield to wildrice growers through resistance to fungal brown spot disease, seed shattering, and lodging, perhaps reducing or eliminating the need for chemical control of the disease. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This project is a continuation of 3640-21000-011-01S, a project of the same name that ended in June 1999. Refer to final report of that project for more detail about previous accomplishments. In brief, that project resulted in collection and evaluation of 34 germplasm accessions, development of a number of breeding lines improved for shattering resistance and disease resistance (in collaboration with Dr. Robert Nyvall, U of MN), better understanding of the shattering trait, improved pollination methods, improved methods for growing wildrice for research (in collaboration with Drs. Paul Bloom and Ervin Oelke, U of MN), initiation of a molecular genetic map, and assisting in the preliminary development of improved seed storage protocols through collaboration with Dr. Christine Walters, USDA- ARS-NSSL, Ft. Collins, CO, and Dr. Ervin Oelke. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? The molecular genetic map will be refined through collaborative research. Tester lines will be developed for specific shattering genes, which can be used in crosses with breeding lines to detect the presence of shattering genes. Such test crosses will also be made for the purpose of identifying whether selected breeding lines contain a specific shattering gene. Within the next 3 years, a breeding line that is suspected to be fixed for a major nonshattering gene (i.e., lacking the shattering gene) will be increased in isolation. This should supply enough seed to begin comparisons with other varieties for yield, shattering loss, and other traits. The level of disease resistance will be confirmed in the above-mentioned variety being increased. Disease resistance, yield, shattering, and other traits in this variety will be compared with other available varieties. Subsequently, we should obtain final approval for its release by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in the year 2000. Another potential cultivar may begin its increase cycle within the next 3 years. Wild germplasm will be collected and characterized for important traits. New seed storage methods will be initiated for these collections if National Seed Storage Laboratory collaborators have advanced enough in their research to begin pilot storage of wild germplasm. Efforts will be continued to find common goals for collaborative research with hand-harvested industry representatives, primarily American Indian reservations. Dialogue will focus on preservation of germplasm and increased understanding of wildrice genetic diversity. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? No technologies have yet been transferred by this new project although the potential variety mentioned above is being increased by a wildrice grower. Application for Plant Variety Protection is being made for this cultivar. If the increase goes as expected, the variety should be released to growers in the fall of 2000. Price and availability of seed in the first year of release and in subsequent years may affect the amount of this variety planted by growers. Also, the amount of suitable land available to growers for new varieties may limit the usefulness of this variety. Paddies that have not been in production (i.e., have been fallowed) for the past 1 or 2 years would be more suitable for planting a new variety because there would be less carryover of dormant seed of other varieties from past production years. Given enough notice, many growers will likely fallow some paddies to accommodate a new varietal release. A protocol has been developed for growing wildrice plants for research purposes. This "technology" will be transferred by means of a poster at the American Society of Agronomy meetings and subsequent publication. Some details of this protocol have already been shared with other researchers at other institutions. 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed below). "Wildrice Breeding: Progress and Outlook", Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council / International Wild Rice Association joint annual conference, Jan. 14-15, 1999, Minneapolis, MN. (wild rice growers, processors, and marketers from the U.S. and Canada) "A Genetic Overview of Wild Rice From Three Decades of Breeding", Wild Rice Research and Management Conference, July 7-8, 1999, Carlton, MN, (Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission constituents, tribal members, researchers, and others interested mainly in natural stands of wild rice).

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• KENNARD, W.C., PHILLIPS, R.L., PORTER, R.A. and GROMBACHER, A.W. 1999. A comparative map of wild rice (Zizania palustris L. 2n=2x=30). Theor. and Appl. Genet.: Accepted May 15, 1999.