Source: UNIVERSITY OF MAINE submitted to
CULTURAL AND COOPERATIVE DYNAMICS OF SUSTAINABLE BEHAVIORS AND INSTITUTIONS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
NEW
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1003317
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
ME021515
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2014
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2019
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Waring, TI, .
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
(N/A)
ORONO,ME 04469
Performing Department
School of Economics
Non Technical Summary
This project is designed to distill insights on the role of culture and cooperation for effective natural resource management for in Maine. To accomplish this, the research project includes multiple projects linking ongoing research with planned studies. The research program is motivated by the fact that natural resource conservation often comes at a cost to the individual but provides benefits to a group sharing that resource. As such, conserving natural resources such as soil, water, forests and fish often constitutes an altruistic or cooperative act. Decades of research on cooperation suggest that cultural influences, social identity, group structure and institutional design all influence the emergence of cooperation. These factors may be of importance in Maine's natural resource industries, especially the emerging local food industry. This research program extends those results, theories, and methods into the realm of resource sustainability and cooperative organizational structure in Maine. The primary objective of the research is therefore to examine the emergence of natural resource conservation practices and sustainable institutions and behaviors as a function of cultural influences on behaviors, norms and cooperation.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
60%
Applied
40%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1237299310010%
1366099310030%
8016010208030%
8026099301010%
8036210300010%
8016010308010%
Knowledge Area
123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources; 136 - Conservation of Biological Diversity; 801 - Individual and Family Resource Management; 803 - Sociological and Technological Change Affecting Individuals, Families, and Communities; 802 - Human Development and Family Well-Being;

Subject Of Investigation
6010 - Individuals; 6210 - Farmer cooperatives; 6099 - People and communities, general/other; 7299 - Research equipment and methods, general/other;

Field Of Science
3000 - Anthropology; 3100 - Management; 2080 - Mathematics and computer sciences; 3010 - Economics; 3080 - Sociology;
Goals / Objectives
The major goals of this project, as stated in the proposal, are:Central Goal: Examine the emergence and persistence of sustainable institutions and behaviors as a function of factors of culture and cooperation.Measure the influence of group structure on cooperative resource use and voluntary conservation with an economic experiment.Model the influence of group-structured cultural change on natural resource use patterns and sustainability with agent-based simulation.Characterize the correlations between pro-environmental attitudes, pro-social attitudes and community support across communities in Maine with a multi-year survey.Explore the variation in cooperation, decision-making, environmental norms, and institutions as a function of information and cultural processes in social-ecological systems in Maine such as the local food sector, forestry or fishing industries.
Project Methods
MethodsProjects efforts support the superordinate project goal of examining the emergence and persistence of sustainable institutions and behaviors as a function of factors of culture and cooperation. This proposal is designed to integrate basic science, case study inquiries and outreach efforts to address this primary objective.Basic Science EffortsMeasure the influence of group structure on cooperative resource use and voluntary conservation with an economic experiment.The first study provides a proof of concept and an empirical estimate of the strength of group-driven resource management effects. How do group structure and intergroup interactions influence natural resource management in a cooperative management context? I will employ a behavioral social-ecological experiment to address this question. Behavioral experiments for social-ecological systems research are becoming common (Janssen et al. 2010). The experiment employs Maine's new experimental economics lab (xecon.umaine.edu), and places individuals into two groups each of which has access to a sovereign forest resource, which they must harvest, for survival and profit. Groups will be able to communicate and deliberate collectively on how to harvest the forest. Individuals will be paid for the harvest they collect such that each individual always benefits from harvesting more than their equal share of the maximum sustainable yield. This pits individual interests against that of the group. The experiment will vary the presence of a second group that players will observe, and measure within-group cooperation. If intergroup competition enhances within-group cooperation (as predicted by CMLS) then the observation of a peer group might enhance forest conservation. The literature has no prior measurement of the influence of group competition or perceived competition on cooperative resource management. The results will be analyzed with a hierarchical multiple regression and in collaboration with Dr. Xuan Chen. Human subjects approval has been granted under UMaine IRB protocol #2012-08-08.Experimental results will provide insight into the influence of inter-group interaction on sustainable renewable resource use. For instance, if inter-group observation tends to increase cooperative resource management through harvest reduction, it suggests that encouraging inter-group contact among resource user groups in Maine might lead to better resource conservation. The opposite is result and implications are also possible. Once the experiment is complete, we will search for the resource user groups such as cooperative forestry groups, lake associations, land trusts, and community gardens and other intensive resource management organizations, which are most likely to benefit from the experimental findings.Model the influence of group structured cultural change on natural resource use patterns and sustainability with agent-based simulation.Agent-based modeling is a scientific method that allows for the simulation and examination of complex adaptive systems. The technique is crucial in the exploration of emergent properties such as markets, traffic flow or institutions which result from the complex interactions among many autonomous agents (Epstein 1999; Miller & Page 2007; Railsback & Grimm 2011).I will construct one or more agent-based models that couple environmental resource use with a process of cultural evolution. Resource dynamics will be modeled with logistic growth or Lotka-Volterra systems, and behavioral change will be modeled with evolutionary game theory or population genetics as articulated in Waring & Richerson (2011). Populations of individuals will exploit common resources and adopt behavioral traits such as extraction habits, social norms, and ethnic markers via replicator dynamics, and cultural transmission mechanisms such as success biased imitation, or conformity, e.g. Boyd & Richerson (1985). The models will test whether sustainable resource management institutions are capable of emerging under a process of cultural multilevel selection, and the conditions that determine their emergence. One model will test the conditions under which a subset of Ostrom's (1990) principles for effective common pool resource management emerges via cultural multilevel selection. Ostrom's principles are a list of eight institutional features (or rules) associated with successful natural resource management that have been argued to apply to the management of social-ecological systems generally (Anderies et al. 2003; Ostrom 2005). For more model design information, see the proposal. Future models will extend to more complex and realistic resource use situations. Case-based extensions can facilitate research in other managed natural resources in Maine.Characterize the correlations between pro-environmental attitudes, pro-social attitudes and community support across communities in Maine with a multi-year survey.If cooperation is a pre-requisite for costly environmental conservation, the two variables should correlate across individuals and communities. However, experimental measures of cooperation and conservation are costly and time consuming. In this study we use proxy measures of cooperative behavior (self-reported prosociality) and costly conservation (pro-environmental attitudes) in a survey of Maine residents. For more detail, please see the proposal.To collect a low-cost high-spread sample of Maine residents, this survey will sample first year undergraduate population at the University of Maine, under UMaine IRB #2012-08-09. Two rounds of data collection have been completed, with an additional round each year for 3 years. Results will be analyzed with a two-stage least squares regression to capture the independent effects of community support on prosociality and prosociality on pro-environmental attitudes. Survey responses will be matched to demographic characteristics by zip code for a spatial analysis. Spatial analysis will enable a community "sustainability hot-spot index" to be computed with reveals areas in which low social capital (prosociality & community support) coincides with low environmental attitudes. This spatial tool will provide a way to target outreach efforts and focus policy priorities for rural development and community building.Application EffortsExplore the variation in cooperation, decision-making, environmental norms, and institutions as a function of information and cultural processes in social-ecological systems in Maine such as the local food sector and the Maine shellfish industry.The final studies will build on the results and models of the previous studies and focus on natural resource sectors and social-ecological systems in Maine, such as the local food sector or the shellfish industry. External funding will be sought to extend this research, but is not required for the initial effort, and basic progress. These studies will be designed in collaboration with stakeholders, researchers, participants and industry leaders to ensure the best possible match between the social behavioral measures employed (such as cooperation, prosociality) and the precise details of the industry and community. For example, we might measure decision-making as a function of water quality information in the shellfishery, and variation in environmental food preferences, prosociality or cooperation in local food organizations as a function of the organizational features of the organization.EvaluationProject efficacy in knowledge change, education and outreach success will be evaluated iteratively, using various forms of stakeholder feedback. The most important part of this evaluation will be structured follow up research (including interviews and surveys) with individuals and groups which will seek to describe and quantify the impact of educational and outrearch activities.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audiences of this project include: (1) New England food systems NGOs (such as the Maine Food Strategy, Food Solutions New England, Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association) (2) Maine residents (especially farmers, growers, local food business owners, small woodlot owners, those who benefit from increased local economic activity, and who are users of the states natural resources), (3) Agricultural, forest and food regulators and decision makers, and (4) Social-ecological researchers, sustainability scientists, and scholars of cultural evolution. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In this reporting period, the project has allowed Masters student Tremblay to attend the International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC) in Utretch, Netherlands, to present our food cooperation research. It has also facilitated the training of new masters student researcher Afton Hupper, and PhD student Taylor Lange on the use of the R open-source statistical programming language. Finally, Dr. Waring has also had the opportunity to take R-based training as well. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?AUDIENCE: Local food industry practitioners, consumers, and policy makers. We have just launched a new website to highlight our work on local food using cooperation science. The website (localfoodscience.org) is a simple, and easy to understand explanation of how our work on cooperation can help grow industries such as local food in the north east. The website will be shared with participants in the spring of 2018. AUDIENCE: Social-ecological researchers, sustainability scientists, and scientists. Dr. Waring gave two separate seminars at the Monteverde Institute in early 2017 focusing on the value of the evolutionary theory on cooperation and culture can help us understand sustainability challenges and achieve sustainable behaviors and institutions. Feb 8, 2017 - How to harness cooperation to achieve sustainability, Monteverde Institute, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica Apr 3, 2017 - How to evolve sustainable societies: some insights from simulation experiments, Monteverde Institute, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Hupper, Lange and Waring will conduct another round of surveys and experiments with buying clubs under the local food project. Lange will begin a social network analysis of the data. Tremblay and Waring will submit the Cooperation in Co-operatives paper. Waring and Lange will submit the Co-operative Principles paper. Tremblay and Waring will draft a paper on the agent-based model. Hupper will assemble a co-operative focused research option portfolio. Waring will work with David Sims of the Mitchell Center to publicize the Maine focused research through university systems and Eurekalert.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Measure the influence of group structure on cooperative resource use and voluntary conservation with an economic experiment. [DEVELOPING] Data collected in 2014 has been shared with colleagues at Boise State and Ohio State as part of a larger effort to continue and expand these experiments. 2) Model the influence of group-structured cultural change on natural resource use patterns and sustainability with agent-based simulation. [COMPLETE] The simulation study (published in early 2017, Ecological Economics) has proven theoretically that sustainable institutions can evolve via cultural group selection. This is a major goal and represents an interdisciplinary advancement for environmental social sciences in general. The paper has already been cited multiple times. 3) Characterize the correlations between pro-environmental attitudes, pro-social attitudes and community support across communities in Maine with a multi-year survey. [COMPLETE] The study was published in the International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 4) Explore the variation in cooperation, decision-making, environmental norms, and institutions as a function of information and cultural processes in social-ecological systems in Maine such as the local food sector, forestry or fishing industries. [MAJOR ONGOING PROGRESS] This sub-goal is the most important application of the CMLS framework in this project, and I have six separate regions of progress. First, economic anthropologist James Acheson (UMaine) and I have a paper accepted in journal Sustainability Science which conducts on a thorough review of the history of the Maine lobster industry with special focus on lobster harvesting and conservation behaviors. The paper then analyzes this history with an empirical rubric developed from the cultural multilevel selection (CMLS) framework. We expect publication after the new year. Second, agricultural anthropologist Samuel Hanes (UMaine) and I have a paper submitted to Sustainability Science using the same empirical rubric to study the emergence and persistence of conservation practices and collective action in the Maine blueberry industry. We expect publication after the new year. Third, evolutionary anthropologist Michelle Kline (Simon Fraser University) and ecologist Jonathan Salerno (UC Boulder) and I have written an article designed to help researchers apply the cultural multilevel selection framework to sustainability contexts, especially environmental social dilemmas. The paper includes a flow-chart for streamlined project design and demonstration analytical code in R. The paper is also accepted for publication in Sustainability Science. We expect publication after the new year. Fourth, my research team has completed a major survey focusing on cooperation in the local food sector in Maine. The survey was developed over the summer with a new student researcher, Afton Hupper, whose main interest is the policy innovations for the local food industry. The study includes an experimental measure of cooperation in context, and analysis of the data is ongoing. Fifth, masters' student Ethan Tremblay has completed and documented an agent based model of cooperation in food buying clubs. The model is an important component of the broader investigation of the local food industry. In addition, Tremblay has collected a major new dataset of cooperative purchasing records in food buying clubs in Maine. The data will enable the testing of the theoretical model he has developed. Tremblay is analyzing the data currently. Sixth, PhD student Taylor Lange and I have drafted a manuscript analyzing the "co-operative principles," quasi-formal organizational guidelines employed by cooperatively owned businesses, using an evolutionary framework. We provide evidence that these principles have been, and perhaps still are group-level cultural adaptations. This product is directly relevant to our local food research and outreach work.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Timothy M. Waring, Goff, S.H., & Smaldino P.E. (2017) The coevolution of economic institutions and sustainable consumption via cultural group selection. Ecological Economics, 131 524532
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Goff, S.H., Waring, T.M., Noblet, C.L., 2017. Does Pricing Nature Reduce Monetary Support for Conservation?: Evidence From Donation Behavior in an Online Experiment. Ecological Economics 141, 119126.


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences of this project include: (1) New England food systems NGOs (such as the Maine Food Strategy, Food Solutions New England, Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association) (2) Maine residents (especially farmers, growers, local food business owners, small woodlot owners, those who benefit from increased local economic activity, and who are users of the states natural resources), (3) Agricultural, forest and food regulators and decision makers, and (4) Social-ecological researchers, sustainability scientists, and scholars of cultural evolution. Changes/Problems:Major SubGoal #1, "Measure the influence of group structure on cooperative resource use and voluntary conservation with an economic experiment" has bee deprioritized due to the greater successes of the other subgoals. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project indirectly supports and connects to two National Science Foundation working groups lead by Dr. Waring on evolutionary approaches to social-ecological systems change. Both working groups at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) and the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) constituted a professional development opportunity for many early career scholars in the field. These two working groups have held their final meetings, and their outputs are still largely pending. This project has allowed Tremblay to study Bayesian statistics through an advanced independent graduate study as well as a previous independent study on Agent Based Modeling in Spring 2016. In addition, the project has facilitated the training of new undergraduate researcher Afton Hupper on survey design and implementation. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?AUDIENCE: Social-ecological researchers, sustainability scientists, and scholars of cultural evolution. This audience has been supported by the dissemination through the working groups mentioned above as well as the following publications: Waring, T. M., Sullivan, A. and Stapp, J. (2016) Campus prosociality as a sustainability indicator International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 17(6), 895 - 916 Timothy M. Waring, Goff, S.H., & Smaldino P.E. (2017) The coevolution of economic institutions and sustainable consumption via cultural group selection. Ecological Economics, 131 524-532 AUDIENCE: Agricultural, forest and food regulators and decision makers. This audience has been supported with a grey-literature translation of the CMLS framework in the publication below. In addition, our research has been publicized by the Mitchell Center, and online in various research news locations. We are looking for more relevant publications to target as well. Waring, T. M., & Tremblay, E. (2016). An Evolutionary Approach to Sustainability Science. Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution, 7(1). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Tremblay will complete an analysis of the cooperative purchasing data. Tremblay will use the data to parameterize the agent-based model. Hupper will complete the survey with current groups and begin with new groups. Waring will take an online course in the open source statistical language R. Lange will develop a research plan. We will work with UMaine to publish a public interest summary of our research for UMaine today.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Measure the influence of group structure on cooperative resource use and voluntary conservation with an economic experiment.?This goal has been deprioritized for the time being, due to the progress on goals 2-4. Although the data is collected and collated, no analysis has been performed. Progress on this goal is pending. 2) Model the influence of group-structured cultural change on natural resource use patterns and sustainability with agent- based simulation. Major accomplishments have been logged in this effort. First, along with coauthors, I have created a new type of model, called an endogenous group selection model, which facilitates the study of the emergence of sustainability behaviors and institutions at multiple social scales. We have tested and analyzed the model, and submitted and revised the paper for Ecological Economics. The paper was not published during the reporting period, but is now published (2017). This is a major goal and represents an interdisciplinary advancement for environmental social sciences in general. This modeling effort was the major planned output for this subgoal. 3) Characterize the correlations between pro-environmental attitudes, pro-social attitudes and community support across communities in Maine with a multi-year survey. During the reporting period, we have had our paper on the multi-year survey published at International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. This measurement project was the major planned output for this subgoal. 4) Explore the variation in cooperation, decision-making, environmental norms, and institutions as a function of information and cultural processes in social-ecological systems in Maine such as the local food sector, forestry or fishing industries. Progress has been made on this subgoal in three industries of Maine agriculture: lobster fishing, blueberry harvests, and the emerging local food industry. First, in collaboration with renowned fisheries scientist and economic anthropologist James Acheson, we have completed a thorough review of the history of the Maine lobster industry with special focus on harvesting and conservation relevant behaviors, and employing an empirical rubric developed from the cultural multilevel selection (CMLS) framework. The manuscript breaks new ground for the CMLS framework and will be submitted to the journal Sustainability Science in January. Second, in collaboration with agricultural anthropologist Samuel Hanes, we have revised our paper which uses the same CMLS rubric to study the emergence and persistence of conservation practices and collective action in the Maine blueberry industry. The paper will also be submitted to Sustainability Science in February following a final round of revisions. Third, the research team has developed and launched a major survey focusing on cooperation in the local food sector in Maine. The survey was developed over the summer with a new student researcher, Afton Hupper, whose main interest is the policy innovations for the local food industry. The survey is ongoing, and we are now looking for new collaborators, subjects and groups. Fourth, masters' student Ethan Tremblay has completed and documented an agent based model of cooperation in food buying clubs. The model is an important component of the broader investigation of the local food industry. In addition, Tremblay has collected a major new dataset of cooperative purchasing records in food buying clubs in Maine. The data will enable the testing of the theoretical model he has developed. Tremblay is analyzing the data currently.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Waring, T. M., & Tremblay, E. (2016). An Evolutionary Approach to Sustainability Science. Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution, 7(1).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Waring, T. M., Sullivan, A. and Stapp, J. (2016) Campus prosociality as a sustainability indicator. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 17(6), 895  916


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences of this project include: (1) New England food systems NGOs (such as the Maine Food Strategy, Food Solutions New England, Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association) (2) Maine residents (especially farmers, growers, local food business owners, small woodlot owners, thosewho benefit from increased local economic activity, and who are users of the states natural resources), (3)Agricultural, forest and food regulators and decision makers, and (4)Social-ecological researchers, sustainability scientists, and scholars of cultural evolution. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Dr. Waring has lead (and co-lead) two working groups on evolutionary approaches to social-ecological systems change. This work is supported by two National Science Foundation working group grants. A theoretical working group at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) is working to build new models of the co-evolution of human institutions with environmental factors, and ask central questions about the emergence and persistence of sustainable social systems. An empirical working group at the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) is working to apply related insights to the fields forestry and fisheries to benefit Maine and the world. As many as 24 other researchers, professors and post-doctoral scholars have been trained in the cultural multilevel selection framework for sustainability analysis as a result of these groups. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?AUDIENCE: Social-ecological researchers, sustainability scientists, and scholars of cultural evolution This audience has been supported by the dissemination through the working groups mentioned above as well as the following publications: Waring, T. M., M. Ann Kline, J. S. Brooks, S. H. Goff, J. Gowdy, M. A. Janssen, P. E. Smaldino and J. Jacquet. 2015. A multilevel evolutionary framework for sustainability analysis. Ecology and Society 20 (2): 34. [online, pdf] Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E., Narr, N., Newson, L., Ross, C., Smaldino, P., Waring, T., Zefferman, M., 2014. Cultural Group Selection Plays an Essential Role in Explaining Human Cooperation: A Sketch of the Evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences FirstView, 1-71 [pdf, in press] Tremblay, Ethan, and T. M. Waring. A Smiling Face Is Half The Meal: The Role of Cooperation in Sustaining Maine's Local Food Industry. Maine Policy Review 23.2 (2014) : 43 -50 [online, pdf] What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Graduate student Ethan Tremblay will be take an independent study on Agent Based Modeling in Spring 2016. Dr. Waring will take online courses in advanced statistical teaching techniques using the open source stastical language R.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Measure the influence of group structure on cooperative resource use and voluntary conservation with an economic experiment. Master's student Tremblay has collated and conducted preliminary analyses on the data. 2) Model the influence of group-structured cultural change on natural resource use patterns and sustainability with agent-based simulation. Model and paper completed and submitted to Ecological Economics. 3) Characterize the correlations between pro-environmental attitudes, pro-social attitudes and community support across communities in Maine with a multi-year survey. Multi-year survey data analyzed, paper written, submitted, accepted and forthcoming at International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 4) Explore the variation in cooperation, decision-making, environmental norms, and institutions as a function of information and cultural processes in social-ecological systems in Maine such as the local food sector, forestry or fishing industries. Collaboration with local food stakeholders (phone, email, in person meetings) proceeding apace. Additionally, a coauthored paper with agricultural anthropologist Sam Hanes (UMaine) on the evolution of collective action in the Blueberry industry in Maine using my cultural multilevel selection framework, has been revised and submitted to the International Journal of the Commons.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Waring, T.M., Teisl, M., Manandhar, E. & Anderson, M., (2014) On the Travel Emissions of Sustainability Science Research. Sustainability, 6(5), 2718-2735
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Paul E. Smaldino and Timothy M. Waring (2014). Let the social sciences evolve. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37, pp 437-437
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Janssen, M. A., A. Lee and T. M. Waring. 2014. Experimental platforms for behavioral experiments on social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 19 (4): 20
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tremblay, Ethan, and T. M. Waring. A Smiling Face Is Half The Meal: The Role of Cooperation in Sustaining Maines Local Food Industry. Maine Policy Review 23.2 (2014) : 43 -50
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E., Narr, N., Newson, L., Ross, C., Smaldino, P., Waring, T., Zefferman, M., 2014. Cultural Group Selection Plays an Essential Role in Explaining Human Cooperation: A Sketch of the Evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences FirstView, 171
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Waring, T. M., M. Ann Kline, J. S. Brooks, S. H. Goff, J. Gowdy, M. A. Janssen, P. E. Smaldino and J. Jacquet. 2015. A multilevel evolutionary framework for sustainability analysis. Ecology and Society 20 (2): 34
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hiesl, P., Waring, T. M., & Benjamin, J. G. (2015). The effect of hardwood component on grapple skidder and stroke delimber idle time and productivity  An agent based model. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 118, 270280