Progress 02/15/15 to 02/14/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Our work has been presented at many meetings, including NIFA PI meetings, American Chemical Society Annual Meetings, Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings, University of Nevada Undergraduate Research Forum, and American Geophysical Union Fall Conference. PI has given invited talk presenting partial of the work from this project, to several institutes including US Geological Survey, University of Maryland, Clemson University, University of California-Davis, University of Tubingen, ETH (Switzerland), and University of Zurich. The results were delivered to scientists in the area of environmental and earth sciences as well as the public. PI also trained a high-school student from The Davidson Academy of Nevada. The work has been published in top-tier journals in the area, including Environmental Science and Technology, and Environmental Science: Nano. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has generated training opportunities for two postdoctoral fellows, a Ph.D. student and two undergraduate student, at the University of Nevada Reno. Under supervision of the PI, two postdoctoral researchers have been granted faculty positions at Idaho State University and Shantou University (China). One Ph.D. student graduated based on the support of this project. The student received Ellen Gonter Award from American Chemical Society Environmental Chemistry Division. This award is highest award given to graduate student by the division. This student was also invited to give a talk at Gordon Research Seminar for Nanoscale Sciences. He has secured a postdoctoral position at Washington University in St. Louis. Recently, there is news report about the project and the achievement of the Ph.D. student (https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2018/carbon-nanotubes-in-environment). Partially for this work, the PI has been awarded International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Young Observer Fellowship, and present the work at IUPAC 2017 congress meeting in Brazil. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have presented our results to the academic community at many meetings, including the American Geophysical Union 2015 Fall meeting, Nevada Water Environment Association 2016 Annual Conference, American Chemical Society Spring Meeting 2017, 2018, American Chemical Society Fall Meeting 2018, Soil Science Society of America Meeting 2017, 2018. In particular, the Ph.D. student supported by this project will present his work in the special Gonter Session at American Chemical Society Fall meeting 2018, as an invited talk. The PI is working with colleague in the Extension station of UNR College of Agriculture to produce a special publication for outreach. It will be peer-reviewed and published in 2018. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Through this project, we have mainly achieve two goals: First, we have demonstrated the microbial degradation of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Through our recent published work and other papers in draft (You et al., EST 2017; You et al., under preparation), we have demonstrated the microbial degradation of MWCNTs by a pure culture of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. This is a first report for the degradation of MWCNT by a pure strain. Second, we have developed method for detection and quantification of MWCNTs in plant tissues. The first manuscript for detection of MWCNTs in lettuce through digestion coupled with Raman analysis has been published in Environmental Science: Nano a cover feature. Manuscript about the quantification of MWCNTs in lettuce is under revision requested by Environmental Science and Technology Letters. The third manuscript for rapid quantification of MWCNTs through spectroscopic analysis coupled with digestion will be submitted to Environmental Science: Nano, as a potential contribution to their Emerging Investigator series.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: You YQ, Das K, Guo HY, Chang CW, Navas-Moreno M, Chan JW, Verburg P, Poulson SR, Wang XL, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2017. Microbial Transformation of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. Environmental Science & Technology. 51: 2068-2076.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wang L, Xu SN, Pan B, Yang Y. 2017. Dual role of organic matter in the anaerobic degradation of triclosan. Environmental Sciences: Processes and Impacts. 19: 499-506.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zhang HY, Chen WX, Shen XF, Yang Y, White JC, Lead J, Tao S, Wang XL. 2017. Influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and fullerene on bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics of phenanthrene by geophagous earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi). Envronmental Science: Nano. 4, 1887-1899.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dong, SP, Xia, T, Yang Y, Lin, SJ, Mao L. 2018. Bioaccumulation of 14C-labled Graphene in an Aquatic Food Chain through Direct Uptake or Trophic Transfer. Environmental Science & Technology. In press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das K, You YQ, Torres M, Barrios-Masias, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2018. Detection of uptake of pristine and carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube by lettuce. Environmental Science: Nano. 5, 659-668
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das K, Xing BS, Wang XL, Chow JC, Yang Y. Development of a thermal method for quantification of carbon nanotubes in plant tissues. In preparation. In review.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: You YQ, Das K, Xing BS, Yang Y. Critical genes for the microbial degradation of carbon nanotube. In preparation.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Detection and quantification of multiwall carbon nanotubes in plant tissues
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das KK, You YQ, Bancroft L, Wang XL, Chow JC, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2018. Digestion Coupled with Programmed Thermal Analysis for Quantification of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Plant Tissues. Gordon Research Seminar: Nano-Enabled Technologies to Improve Efficiency, Quality, and Health in Food and Agriculture. South Hadley, MA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das KK, Bancroft L, Wang XL, Chow JC, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2018. Digestion Coupled with Programmed Thermal Analysis for Quantification of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Plant Tissues. American Chemical Society Fall Meeting Gonter Award Symposium. Boston, MA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: You YQ, Das K, Guo HY, Chang CW, Navas-Moreno M, Chan JW, Verburg P, Poulson SR, Wang XL, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2017. Microbial Transformation of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Das K, You YQ, Torres M, Barrios-Masias F, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2017. Development and Application of a Method for Detection of Pristine and Carboxyl Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube in Lettuce. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: You YQ, Das K, Wang L#, Poulson S, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2016. Microbial Degradation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ, USA
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: You YQ, Wang L, Wang XL, Poulson SR, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2016. Aromatic carbon-degrading microorganism-mediated uptake of carbon nanotubes by tomato plants. Nevada Water Environment Association Annual Meeting, Sparks, NV, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Yang Y, You YQ, Das K, Guo HY, Chang CW, Navas-Moreno M, Chan JW, Verburg P, Poulson SR, Wang XL, Xing BS. 2017. Microbial transformation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by Mycobacterium Vanbaalenii PYR-1. IUPAC 2017 - 46th World Chemistry Congress. Sao Paulo, Brazil.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das KK, You YQ, Torres M, Barrios-Masias F, Wang XL, Tao S, Xing BS, and Yang Y. 2018. Development and Application of a Digestion-Raman Analysis Approach for Studying Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Uptake in Lettuce. Nevada Water Environment Association, Sparks, NV, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Yang Y, You YQ, Das K, Chan JW, Barrios-Masias F, Verburg P, Poulson SR, Wang XL, Xing BS. 2018. Microbial transformation and plant uptake of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das K, Bancroft L, Wang XL, Chow JC, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2018. Quantification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in plant tissues using digestion-coupled programmed thermal analysis. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA, USA.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das K, Xing BS, Wang XL, Chow JC, Yang Y. Coupling digestion with spectroscopy analysis for the quantification of carbon nanotube in plant tissues.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Das KK, You YQ, Torres M, Bancroft L, Barrios-Masias F, Wang XL, Chow J, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2017. Detection of uptake and translocation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in lettuce. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Tampa, FL, USA.

Progress 02/15/16 to 02/14/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Our work has been presented at several meetings, including NIFA PI meeting, Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, and University of Nevada Campus Meeting. PI has given invited talk presenting partial of the work from this project, to several institutes including University of Delaware, University of Clemson, Washington University, and Oak Ridge National Lab. The results were delivered to scientists in the area of environmental and earth sciences as well as the public. PI also trained a high-school student from The Davidson Academy of Nevada. The team has published a paper in Environmental Science and Technology, and is working on two additional manuscripts to be submitted soon. Changes/Problems:Through collaboration with a Dr. James Chan at University of California, Davis, we have significantly expanded the application of Raman and Confocal-Raman in this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has generated training opportunities for a postdoctoral fellow, an undergraduate, and a PhD student, at the University of Nevada Reno. The postdoc has been conducting experiments towards both specific research goals, and has trained the undergraduate student in laboratory. Under this project, the postdoc has gained new skills such as electron microscopy, Raman microscopy, and confocal Raman analysis. A PhD student conducted experiments, in collaboration with the postdoc, towards the specific research goal (2). In addition, this project has created opportunities for all the involved personnel to collaborate with researchers both inside and outside of the University of Nevada Reno. We have developed collaboration with University of California, Davis, which created additional opportunity for training students. ? How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have presented our results to the academic community at the Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, an international conference hold in Phoenix during Nov 6-9, 2016. Audience of this conference includes but is not limited to biogeochemists, physicists, hydrologists. We will soon present our results at the American Chemical Society Meeting in San Francisco during Apr 2-6, 2017. ? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To archive the overarching goals of this project, we will continue with experiments for both specific goals. In detail, for the specific goal (1), we plan to finish the manuscript on the genetic response the bacteria to the MWCNTs. For the specific goal (2), we plan to finish the manuscript on the detection of MWCNTs in plant tissues. We plan to develop the method for quantitatively analyze the concentration of MWCNTs. ?

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? To reach the project's overarching goals, we have conducted experiments towards (1) analyzing the microbial degradation of MWCNTs; (2) analyzing the plant uptake of MWCNTs. For specific goal (1), we chose the model aromatic carbon-degrading microorganism Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1, a bacterium able to degrade a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). We incubated carboxylic functionalized MWCNT (MWCNT-COOH) with this bacterium, with and without extra carbon sources (glucose or glucose plus pyrene), monitored bacterial growth and CO2 evolution. MWCNT-COOH after incubation was studied using techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, Confocal Raman analysis, and dynamic light scattering. The results were compared to those from MWCNT-COOH incubated without bacteria, as well as to results from MWCNT-COOH/bacteria mixtures without incubation. Our results demonstrated the PYR-1 is able to degrade MWCNTs rapidly, with a minor fraction mineralized. The results have been published in Environmental Science and Technology. Based on these results, we have studied the major genes regulating the microbial degradation of MWCNTs by PYR-1. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) analysis has been used to analyze the response of several potential genes involved in the degradation of MWCNTs. We have captured major genes with upregulations in response to the presence of MWCNTs. The results are underwritten as a manuscript to be submitted to Environmental Science and Technology Letters. We have also analyzed the degradation of MWCNTs by cell solution, and determined that PYR-1 potentially released enzymes outside cells to facilitate the degradation of MWCNTs. For specific goal (2), we chose lettuce plants (a variety called black seeded Simpson) in consideration of their faster growth cycle and economic importance. Plants were geminated and grown hydroponically, with two groups of plants exposed to 10 ppm-30 ppm MWCNT-COOH, respectively. We have developed Raman analysis coupled with digestion for analysis of CNTs in plant tissues. The methods have been validated for detection of CNTs in plant tissues. Using this method, we demonstrated that CNTs can be taken up by lettuce, and translocated from root to leaf. The results are underwritten as a manuscript to be submitted to Environmental Science and Technology. We are developing methods for quantifying the concentration of MWCNTs in plants. Our preliminary data showed the potential of using thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy to demonstrate the concentrations of CNTs.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: You YQ#*, Das K#, Guo HY, Chang CW, Navas-Moreno M, Chan JW, Verburg P, Poulson SR, Wang XL, Xing BS, Yang Y*. Microbial Transformation of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. 2017. Environmental Science & Technology. In press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Xu SN#, Adhikari D#, Huang RX, Zhang H#, Tang YZ, Roden E, Yang Y*. 2016. Biochar-mediated iron reduction. Environmental Science & Technology. 50: 2389-2395.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: You YQ#, Das K#, Guo HY, Chang CW, Navas-Moreno M, Chan JW, Verburg P, Poulson SR, Wang XL, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2017. Microbial Transformation of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: You YQ#, Angermann JE, Xing BS, Cerniglia CE, Yang Y. 2017. Molecular Mechanisms underlying Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1-mediated Transformation of Carbon Nanotube. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Das K#, You YQ#, Torres M, Barrios-Masias F, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2017. Development and Application of a Method for Detection of Pristine and Carboxyl Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube in Lettuce. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: You YQ#, Das K#, Wang L#, Poulson S, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2016. Microbial Degradation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ, USA

Progress 02/15/15 to 02/14/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Our work has been presented at several meetings, including University of Nevada Undergraduate Research Forum, and American Geophysical Union Fall Conference. PI has given invited talk presenting partial of the work from this project, to several institutes including US Geological Survey, University of California-Davis, University of Tubingen, ETH (Switzerland), and University of Zurich. The results were delivered to scientists in the area of environmental and earth sciences as well as the public. PI also trained a high-school student from The Davidson Academy of Nevada. The team is working on a manuscript using the current data, targeting a top-tier journal in our area. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has generated training opportunities for a postdoctoral fellow, an undergraduate, and more recently a PhD student, at the University of Nevada Reno. The postdoc has been conducting experiments towards both specific research goals, and has trained the undergraduate student in laboratory, who will soon conduct his own independent mini project under this project's overarching goals. Under this project, the postdoc has gained new skills such as electron microscopy, Raman microscopy. Support from this project also allowed the postdoc to attend an international conference, presenting the results to the academic community, communicating and discussing the results with researchers around the world. A new PhD student recently joined this project will conduct experiments, in collaboration with the postdoc, towards the specific research goal (2). In addition, this project has created opportunities for all the involved personnel to collaborate with researchers both inside and outside of the University of Nevada Reno. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have presented our results to the academic community at the American Geophysical Union 2015 Fall meeting, an international conference hold in San Francisco, CA from December 14-18, 2015. Audience of this conference includes but is not limited to biogeochemists, physicists, hydrologists. We will soon present our results at the Nevada Water Environment Association 2016 Annual Conference, which is more focused on water treatment technologies. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To archive the overarching goals of this project, we will continue with experiments for both specific goals. In detail, for the specific goal (1), we plan to finish experiments with pristine MWCNT. Moreover, we plan to utilize 13C-labelled MWCNT in bacterial growth experiments. This isotopic method will allow us to better quantify transformation and mineralization of MWCNTs by microbes. We also plan to utilize other advanced technologies, such as Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), for further analyzing microorganism-treated CNTs. For this purpose, we have reached out for potential collaborations with other institutes. For the specific goal (2), we plan to conduct experiments using pristine MWCNT and compare the results with those from MWCNT-COOH. In particular, we will collect more comprehensive plant physiological data, as well as FT-Raman and TEM data to demonstrate CNT update and translocation in lettuce plants. Depending on the availability of 13C-labelled MWCNT, we might also perform similar experiments using isotopic MWCNT, which could provide further evidence in this direction. Finally, we plan to connect the specific goal (1) and (2) by growing lettuce plants in the presence of M. vanbaalenii PYR-1, with or without exposure to CNTs. This final experiment could better mimic the rhizosphere, where plant roots and microorganisms are under reciprocal influences.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? To reach the project's overarching goals, we have conducted experiments towards (1) analyzing the impact of a model aromatic carbon-degrading microorganism on physico-chemical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and (2) evaluating the effects of MWCNTs on plant growth and potential update of CNTs by plants. For specific goal (1), we chose the model aromatic carbon-degrading microorganism Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1, a bacterium able to degrade a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). We incubated carboxylic functionalized MWCNT (MWCNT-COOH) with this bacterium, with and without extra carbon sources (glucose or glucose plus pyrene), monitored bacterial growth and CO2 evolution. MWCNT-COOH after incubation was studied using techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The results were compared to those from MWCNT-COOH incubated without bacteria, as well as to results from MWCNT-COOH/bacteria mixtures without incubation. Our preliminary data from TEM observations suggest that when extra carbon sources were available, the PAH-degrading bacterium M. vanbaalenii PYR-1could potentially transform MWCNT-COOH, resulted in thinner and shorter tubular structures and even non-tubular structures. Results from Raman microscope analysis also suggest an attenuation of nanotubes in MWCNT-COOH/bacteria mixtures. Moreover, comparing the evolution of CO2 from bacterial cultures growing with different carbon sources, the level of CO2 generated by bacteria growing with MWCNT-COOH as the single carbon sources was comparable to that from bacteria growing with glucose, pryene and a sublethal concentration of MWCNT-COOH. This result suggests the potential mineralization of MWCNT-COOH by M. vanbaalenii PYR-1. In addition, we also utilized pristine MWCNT to conduct experiments similar to those involving MWCNT-COOH. While we are still collecting data for pristine MWCNT experiments, we expect that those data will help us understand how functional groups on CNTs would affect their transformation and degradation by microbes. For specific goal (2), instead of using tomato plants, we chose lettuce plants (a variety called black seeded Simpson) in consideration of their faster growth cycle and economic importance. Plants were geminated and grown hydroponically, with two groups of plants exposed to 10 ppm and 30 ppm MWCNT-COOH, respectively. One group of control plants was grown normally without exposure to MWCNT-COOH. During the entire growth duration of 14 days, we monitored plant evapotranspiration daily. Other plant physiological parameters were also measured before and after exposure, such as root diameter/length, leaf numbers, wet and dry weight. Overall, our results show that while high dose of MWCNT-COOH inhibited lettuce growth and even led to plant death, intermediate dose of MWCNT-COOH stimulated plant growth as indicated by enhanced evapotranspiration, more and longer roots, as well as more leaves. In order to investigate the potential update of CNTs by lettuce plants, we analyzed leaf and root tissues from the plants exposed to 10 ppm and 30 ppm MWCNT-COOH under TEM. Our preliminary data suggest that there were potential uptake and translocation of MWCNT-COOH in those plants, although more data from other analytical methods are needed to confirm these results.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: NSF EPScOR Undergraduate Summer Research Scholarship
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Xu SN, Poulson S, Wang RX, Tang YZ, Roden E, Yang Y. Biochar-mediated iron reduction. In review by Environmental Science & Technology
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: You YQ, Xing BS, Yang Y. Microbial transformation and degradation of carbon nanotubes.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yang Y. 2015. 10. Molecular biogeochemistry of natural organic matter: For cycling of pollutants and carbon. USGS, Carson City, NV, USA
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yang Y. 2015.6 Molecular biogeochemistry of natural organic matter: For cycling of pollutants and carbon. University of California, Davis, USA
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yang Y. 2015.5 Molecular biogeochemistry of natural organic matter: For cycling of pollutants and carbon. University of T�bingen, T�bingen, Germany
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yang Y. 2015.5 Molecular biogeochemistry of natural organic matter: For cycling of pollutants and carbon. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yang Y. 2015.5 Coupling redox chemistry and carbon stabilization. ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yang Y. 2015.5 Molecular biogeochemistry of natural organic matter: For cycling of pollutants and carbon. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, UNR, Reno, NV, USA
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Shoji K, Xu SN, Wang L, Patel A, Yang Y. 2015. Carbon nanotubes-mediated reduction of hematite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. American Geophysical Union Fall Conference. San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Shoji K, Xu SN, Wang L, Patel A, Yang Y. 2015. Carbon nanotube-mediated reduction of hematite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. University of Nevada Undergraduate Research Forum. Reno, NV, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: You YQ, Wang L, Wang XL, Poulson SR, Xing BS, Yang Y. 2015. Aromatic carbon-degrading microorganism-mediated uptake of carbon nanotubes by tomato plants. American Geophysical Union Fall Conference. San Francisco, CA, USA